accordion
accordion (term applied to a number of portable free-reed aerophones. Their common features include a mechanical keyboard under each hand, manipulated by the fingers to select pitches)
label (garmon) OCoLC(863636844)
Russia (diatonic button accordion (garmon, garmoshka, garmonika) Georgia (the accordion, garmon, also buzika, from muzika 'music')
Garland encyclopedia of world music online, March 8, 2021:
(Accordion: a portable instrument of the reed organ family, classified as a keyed free-reed aerophone)
Garmonik (variants, garmoshka, garmonya; piano accordion of Belarus)
buzika
garmonica
garmonik
garmoshka
piano accordion
garmonya
garmon
accordeon

free reed instrument

accordion band
(under Accordion: accordion orchestras; under Band: accordion band (piano accordions of various sizes with percussion instruments))
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Oct. 29, 2002
accordion band(s) (63,800 hits; accordion orchestra(s): 7,050 hits)
Wagner, Christoph. Hermann Schittenhelm (1893-1979), 1993.
accordion orchestra
An ensemble consisting of two or more accordions, with or without percussion and other instruments.

instrumental ensemble

acoustic bass guitar
(Acoustic bass guitar, an oversized four-string guitar tuned like the electric bass guitar)
2nd prelim. p. (acoustic bass)
Fonta, T. Chants & themes for the birth of a dream, c2007:
under Electric guitar (Electric bass guitar, more widely used than the large acoustic "folk bass" guitar)
bass guitar, acoustic
folk bass guitar

guitar

actor
actor (theatrical performer)
An actor in a non-singing role who is required for the performance of a musical composition with dramatic elements. For a performer who uses a speaking voice, rather than a singing voice, in a non-dramatic work see [speaker.]

performer

aeolian harp
aeolian harp (string instrument (chordophone) sounded by natural wind)
eolian harp

zither

aerophone
p. 24 (4. Aerophones. The air itself is the vibrator in the primary sense)
A musical instrument that creates sound through the vibration of air without the use of strings or membranes.

instrument

ajaeng
(ajaeng, bowed long zither of Korea; usually paired with the haegŭm)
container (a-jaeng)
Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik (41st : 2002 : Darmstadt, Germany). 41. Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik Darmstadt, 2002, p2004:
a-jaeng

bowed string instrument

alboka
Spain/Traditional and popular music (alboka: The large class of instruments made by children includes some similar ones such as the double-reed Basque alboka)
v. 8 (under Basque music: alboka--two pipes each with a single reed and a horn at both ends, one acting as a bell, the other as a mouthpiece; under Spain: alboka of Basque country--a double clarinet that plays two simultaneous notes in unison or fifths)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, viewed on Music online, Oct. 16, 2013:
Alboka (A double-reed hornpipe of the Basque region; albogón, albogue)
albogue
albogón
A Basque hornpipe with two pipes played simultaneously.

double reed instrument

algōjā
(Algōjā (Algōzā, Alghōzā) general term, widespread in the Indian subcontinent ... denoting various kinds of duct flutes)
v. 5 (under Musical instruments, Northern area: algojā (alghozā) and satāra or pāwā of Rajasthan and Gujarat are end-blown flutes played in pairs by shepherd communities; the player blows both instruments at the same time)
Algoze (pair of Punjabi woodwind instruments adopted by Sindhi, Rajasthani and Baloch folk musicians, also called Jorhi, Do Nally, Satara or Ngoze; resembles a pair of wooden flutes)
Pakistan, Islamic Republic of (alghoza (jorī, pāvā, bīnõn), double duct flute usually made of wood)
jorhi
ngoze
alghōzā
algōzā
pāvā
satāra
pāwā
do nally
alg̲hozah
bīnõn
jorī
A pair of end-blown flutes played simultaneously, widespread in the Indian subcontinent.

duct flute

alphorn
container (the contemporary alphorn orchestra)
(Alphorn: wooden trumpet of pastoral communities in the Alps; Alpenhorn)
alpenhorn
alpine horn

natural horn

alto clarinet
alto clarinet (member of the clarinet family, normally pitched in E♭ (it is classified as an aerophone). It is used chiefly in military bands and wind bands, and is usually built with an upturned metal bell and a curved metal crook.)
E-flat clarinet (alto)
E♭ clarinet (alto)
An alto member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music and is normally pitched in E♭.

clarinet

alto flute
under Flute (alto (or bass) flute in G; larger version of the concert flute; the term bass flute, although sometimes used to denote the alto flute in G, ought to be reserved for the flute in C, which sounds an octave below the concert flute)
Work cat.: 99477870: Vlijmen, J. van. Against that time, 1997, c1995.
(alto flute; known in England as the bass flute)
bass flute (alto flute)
A flute in G, a fourth below the concert flute.

flute

alto horn
(valved brass instrument in E♭, a fifth lower than the modern cornet or trumpet; small circular models called mellophones, large circular ones called cavalry horns)
container (tenor horn)
Sun Life Stanshawe Band. Conductor's showcase [SR] p1981:
equivalent to the English tenor horn; under Tenor horn (valved brass instrument of alto pitch, like a small euphonium in shape; in British brass band scores it is usually referred to as E♭ horn; modern form of the E♭ alto Saxhorn)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Aug. 27, 2003:
tenor horn
E-flat horn
cavalry horn
mellophone
E♭ horn
A valved brass instrument of alto pitch that is similar to a small euphonium in shape.

saxhorn

alto recorder
Recorder method; Glossary of recorder terms (alto: F recorder, the international word for treble recorder)
Recorder (treble, in the USA 'alto', lowest note f')
treble recorder

recorder

alto saxophone
alto saxophone (alto instrument of the saxophone family, pitched in E♭; the compass of the standard instrument is d–a″, though many alto saxophones have a key for concert a″)

saxophone

alto trombone
alto trombone (E♭ alto trombone)
t.p. (solo for alto trombone)
Trombone, #5 (Alto trombones in E♭ or F, commonly used from the 16th century to the 18th as the top voice in the brass choir ... now usually reserved for alto trombone parts with exposed high notes)

trombone

alto voice
Contralto (In modern English usage the term denotes the lowest of the three principal female voices, the others being soprano and mezzo-soprano; The term ‘contralto’ is usually limited to solo singing; in choral music ‘alto’ is preferred for boys, falsettists or women, or any combination of these)
alto (singer)
contralto voice

low voice

amadinda
p. 5 (Amadinda, ein Xylophon der Ganda)
Wegner, U. Xylophonmusik aus Buganda (Ostafrika), 1990:
(Amadinda (madinda). Log xylophone of the Ganda people of Uganda)
madinda
A log xylophone of the Ganda people of Uganda.

xylophone

angklung (rattle)
page 15 (112.122; sliding rattles, including anklung; subset of shaken idiophones)
Von Hornbostel, E.M., Classification of musical instruments, in The Galpin Society journal, vol. 14, 1961:
v. 4 (under Java: Angklung is a generic term for sets of tuned, shaken bamboo rattles; each instrument has two to four bamboo tubes, tuned from one to three octaves apart and suspended loosely from the top of a frame; when the instruments are shaken, two small extensions of each tube strike each side of a slot within the lower part of the frame, creating sounds)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, viewed on Music online, Oct. 17, 2013:
anklung (rattle)
A tuned bamboo sliding rattle of Indonesia and Southeast Asia, or a set of such rattles.

shaken idiophone

angklung (xylophone)
angklung (In Banyuwangi, East Java, the angklung is a xylophone consisting of 12 to 14 bamboo tubes in a frame; the tubes are cut on the slant at the top and closed by a node at the bottom. It forms part of the gamelan angklung)
kechruk
An East Javanese xylophone consisting of bamboo tubes in a frame.

Appalachian dulcimer
p. 2 (Appalachian mountain dulcimer) p. 3 (Lap dulcimer)
Waldren, K.L. The mountain dulcimer songswap companion, c1999:
(Appalachian dulcimer: a plucked zither of European derivation found chiefly in the Appalachian mountains)
(Appalachian dulcimer [Kentucky dulcimer, mountain dulcimer]: partly- of fully-fretted zither of the USA; fully-fretted form is now made, stopped chordally with the left hand and plucked with finger plectra in the right hand)
dulcimer, Appalachian
lap dulcimer
dulcimer, Kentucky
dulcimer, American
Appalachian mountain dulcimer
dulcimer, mountain
plucked dulcimer
dulcimer, lap
mountain dulcimer
American dulcimer
dulcimer, plucked
Kentucky dulcimer

plucked string instrument

arará
Work cat.: Ortiz, F. Los tambores ararás, c1995.
(Arará. Cuban drum-type regarded as constructed by Blacks from Dahomey (who are called Ararás in Cuba) or by their descendants; all are single-headed and open at the base)
A drum constructed by the Arará people of Cuba.

drum

archiphone
(Since 1970 four archiphones have been built by Herman van der Horst of the firm Neonvox in Wilp, Gelderland at the instigation of Anton de Beer. The keyboard layout is essentially the same as on the Fokker-organ. The keys are closer to one another, making more rapid playing possible. Transistor oscillators are the tone source. It has some 40 different timbres, equally divided between the 8- and 4-foot "stops".)
Huygens-Fokker Foundation for Microtonal Music WWW site, Apr. 5, 2013:
A microtonal electronic organ first built in 1970 in the Netherlands.

electronic organ

archlute
archlute (generic term for lutes with fretted courses tuned like the Renaissance lute, and with extended, unfretted bass courses (diapasons)...differs from the Theorbo mainly in that the body is smaller and the first and second courses are at lute pitch rather than an octave lower)
arciliuto
erzlaute
archiluth
liuto attiorbato
arcileuto
An extended-neck lute with two peg boxes that was principally used in the Baroque period, on which the upper courses are tuned like a Renaissance lute and the diapasons are tuned diatonically.

lute

arcicembalo
(Arcicembalo, archicembalo; term used by Nicola Vicentino to designate a harpsichord equipped with many divided keys or a second manual to permit playing of his reconstructions of diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic genera of the ancient Greeks)
archicembalo
A harpsichord equipped with many divided keys, or a second manual, to allow more precise tuning of diatonic, chromatic, and enharmonic notes.

harpsichord

armpit squeezing
Indonesia/West Java (rhythms squeezed from the armpits of ngajibrut street entertainers) Sound Effects (melodies have been played by creating an air pocket with a wet hand held under the armpit and squeezing with the free arm)
A performer who traps air in his or her armpit and creates sound through a squeezing motion.

body percussion

arpeggione
(A bowed guitar invented by J.G. Staufer in 1824. It is the size of a cello, its bridge and fingerboard are curved, its neck is fretted, and its six strings are tuned like those of the guitar, E A d g b e′)
(guitar violoncello, bowed guitar; A bowed string instrument. Both J.G. Staufer (Stauffer) of Vienna and Peter Teufelsdorfer of Pest claimed to be inventors of what came to be known as the arpeggione. Both built a new instrument they called a ‘bowed guitar’, and both introduced their respective instruments in the spring of 1823 ... The instrument was essentially a bass viol with a guitar-type tuning, E–A–d–g–b–e′)
New Grove dict. of mus. online (Jan. 18, 2013)
bowed guitar
guitar violoncello
A fretted bowed string instrument of the 19th century, tuned like a guitar.

bowed lute

atabaque
v. 2 (under Brazil, central and southern areas: atabaque-large narrow single-headed conical drum)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, viewed on Music online, Oct. 18, 2013:
Brazil (The conical single-headed drum, similar to the Afro-Cuban conga drum, is known throughout the country under the generic terms atabaque and tambor.)
Lody, R.G. O atabaque no candomblé baiano, 1989.
(Atabaque, similar to the Afro-Cuban conga)
tambor
A large, narrow, single-headed conical drum from Brazil.

atenteben
(Atenteben. End-blown bamboo flute from Ghana)

audeharp
p. 4 (wood plucked instrument; 60 parallel strings in 4 octaves, in two planes that intersect near the middle)
Audet, F.X. Instructions for playing the audeharp, c1910:
p. 4 (60 parallel strings in 4 octaves, in two planes that intersect near the middle)
A wooden harp with sixty parallel strings in two planes that intersect near the middle.

harp

audience
One or more participants in the performance of a musical work, other than the performer(s) on stage or otherwise presenting the work.

ensemble

aulos
(Greek reed instrument. It was the most important of the ancient Greek wind instruments; even when used in the singular, usually denotes a wind instrument consisting of two pipes and two (probably double) reeds. However, since the word was also applied to any hollow, elongated tube, aulos may refer to any wind instrument consisting of a single pipe with or without a reed, including (occasionally) the trumpet.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, June 1, 2010:
v. 8 (under Ancient Greek music: aulos (pl. auloi), a conical double-reed aerophone, typically played in pairs by one player; made of reed, wood, bone, ivory, or metal, open at the lower end, and with differing numbers of finger holes)
An ancient Greek reed instrument typically played in pairs by one player.

autoharp
autoharp (box zither of German origin, popular in the USA from the late 19th century. The player strums the strings with his fingers, a fingerpick or a plectrum; damper bars controlled by buttons damp all the strings except those that sound the required chord.)

babadok
(babadok)
Musique est-timoraise, article on French Wikipédia website, Feb. 11, 2011
(the women of Timor-Leste beat the babadok drum, as accompaniment for the tebe dance, which they perform in honour of their ancestors)
New Grove dict. mus. instruments;Garland enc. of world music
t.p. (an illustration of a babadok is next to the title)
Babadok : newsletter of World Bank Timor-Leste, Aug. 2010, viewed online Feb. 11, 2011:
Babadók [VR] : a unique traditional drum from Timor Leste, 2005.
(babadok; a small drum of conical wooden body, with about 30 to 50 cm. in length and about 15 cm. in diameter, usually played by females, who hit with both hands alternately)
Música de Timor-Leste, article on Portuguese Wikipédia website, Feb. 11, 2011
babadok drum
A small conical drum played by women in Timor-Leste.

baby rattle
Hersey, M. Collecting baby rattles and teethers, c1998.
A toy rattle usually used to entertain infants, but sometimes used as a musical instrument.

rattle

toy instrument

bağlama
(Bağlama: Turkish long-necked lute; the most popular and widely played saz in Turkey)

saz

bagpipe
bagpipe (wind instrument which in its commonest forms consists of a chanter and one or more drones, all supplied with air from the bag, which is compressed under the player’s arm to provide a constant pressure. The instrument is classed as a composite reedpipe)
(bagpipe: a wind instrument consisting of a reed melody pipe and from one to five drones with air supplied continuously either by a bag with valve-stopped mouth tube or by bellows; often used in plural)
Merriam-Webster WWW site, September 21, 2021
(Biniou : mouth blown bagpipe of Brittany)
(Biniou : small, mouth-blown bagpipe of Brittany; the true biniou disappeared during the 1930's, to be gradually replaced by the larger Scot. bagpipe)
bagpipes
musette (bagpipe)
cornemuse (bagpipe)
biniou

bajo sexto
Winant, S. Out of the rhythm section : the role of the bajo sexto in Tejano conjunto, 2002.
(bajo sexto (large 12-string guitar); characteristic instruments of música norteña (from northern Mexico) are the accordion and the bajo sexto; accordion and bajo sexto are also the basic duo of the popular music genre originally from southern Texas, Tex-Mex (Tejano conjunto))
(in titles and performer notes: bajo sexto)
v. 2, glossary (bajo sexto, large twelve-stringed Mexican guitar)

bālabān (double reed instrument)
booklet (the balabân is a traditional oboe in Kurdish music; the same type of instrument is found in Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey where it is known as duduk or mey)
(bālabān (balaman, yasti balaman, duduk); cylindrical oboe of the Caucasas, especially Azerbaijan, northern Iran, and northeast Iraq, also known in northern Iran by its older Turkish name narme ney or mey; the balaban of the Uzbek and Tajik peoples of Central Asia is a clarinet; reference to duduk (oboe))
balaman (double reed instrument)
A traditional cylindrical oboe of the Caucasas.

bālabān (single reed instrument)
balaman (single-reed instrument)
A single reed instrument of the Uzbek and Tajik peoples of Central Asia.

single reed instrument

balalaika
(Balalaika: balalayka, balabayka: a long-necked lute with a triangular body; one of the most popular folk instruments of Russia)
balalayka
balabayka
A Russian folk stringed instrument with a long neck and triangular body.

plucked lute

balloon
balloon (small-necked inflatable bag of thin usu. gaily colored rubber used as a toy)
aerostat

percussion instrument

balo
(Balo; bala, balafou, balafon; a gourd-resonated frame xylophone of the Mandinka/Malinke peoples of Gambia, Senegal, Mali, and Upper Volta)
(Balaphon)
(balafo; balafon see balafo)
balafou
balafon
bala
balaphon
balafo
A West African gourd-resonated frame xylophone.

mallet instrument

bambuso sonoro
Ansink, C. Heaven won't be big enough for Johnnie and his fortythousand friends, c1990.
(the bambuso sonoro is a bamboo organ)
Letter from E. van Swol, Donemus, June 10, 1992
bambuso sonoro (The Bambuso Sonoro is a bamboo organ that consists of more than a hundred pipes. The experimental musical instrument is designed by artist Hans van Koolwijk, and it is probably inspired by the famous 19th-century bamboo organ of Las Piñas City in the Philippines [1]. The size of the bamboo flutes varies from a few centimeters to about six feet. The air supply is effected by means of a fan. Through valves, stop valves, pedals and rods sound may be affected. Though you can hardly conventional melodies played on the instrument lends itself perfectly for making sound masses, glissandi, interferences between sounds, static and rhythmic patterns.)
Dutch Wikipedia, Sept. 16, 2013 (via Google translate):
An experimental bamboo organ designed by artist Hans van Koolwijk.

organ

band
(Military band: A term dating from the late 18th century used of a regimental band of woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. It is also applied to an ensemble of any sort that plays military music, including signals and military calls. In British usage it refers (misleadingly) to mixed wind bands of all types; Wind band: see Band)
Grove music online WWW site, Sept. 29, 2005
Rapp, W. The wind band masterworks of Holst, Vaughan Williams, and Grainger, 2005.
(under Concert band: also called wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, wind ensemble, symphonic wind ensemble)
symphonic winds
concert band
wind band
symphonic band
symphonic wind ensemble
wind symphony
wind orchestra
military band
wind ensemble (band)
A large ensemble consisting primarily of woodwinds, brass, and percussion. For an ensemble consisting of two or more mixed woodwind or brass instruments, see [wind ensemble.] For an ensemble consisting of brass or woodwinds only, see [brass ensemble] or [woodwind ensemble.]

bandoneon
(Bandoneon; square-built button accordion or concertina)
(bandoneon: a small accordion especially popular in Latin America)
(Bandoneon: a large square concertina)
(bandoneon: a square, entirely button-operated accordion)
(bandonion or bandoneon: an accordion popular in So. America)
A square button-key accordion popular in South America.

button-key accordion

bandora
(Pandora, also called bandora)
(Bandora, pandora, pandore; 16th cent. stringed instrument of bass size)
(Bandora (pandora))
CIP galley (the name is found as pandora in 4 sources, and as bandora in all other sources)
Ferrabosco, A. Collected works for lute and bandora, c1979.
pandore
pandora
A plucked wire-strung bass instrument invented in England in the 16th century.

bandura
(bandura: a type of psaltery found in the Ukraine; bandoura)
bandura (hybrid instrument of the Ukraine combining elements of a lute and box zither, possibly derived from the 10th century Arabic and Persian pandura and the kobuz of the Kipchak and Polovtsian peoples...also known as the kobza until the end of the 19th century)
bandoura
A Ukrainian plucked-string instrument which combines elements of lute and zither construction.

bandurria
(bandurria: a plucked lute, a hybrid of the guitar and cittern families, found in Spain and parts of Latin America)
(bandurria [mandurria])
v. 4 (under Glossary: bandurria, European pear-shaped plucked lute, found in the Philippines)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, viewed on Music online, Oct. 22, 2013:
(Bandurria; in Latin America it is frequently called a bandola)
mandurria
bandola
A plucked string instrument from Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines.

banjo
banjo (plucked string instrument with a long guitar-like neck and a circular soundtable;the development of the modern banjo began in the second quarter of the 19th century as an increasingly commercial adaptation of an instrument used by West African slaves in the New World as early as the 17th century.)
(banjo: a plucked lute with a long guitar-like neck)

banjo ukulele
Banjulele (hybrid instrument combining a banjo body with a ukulele fingerboard, stringing and tuning)
New Grove dict. of music WWW site, Apr. 29, 2005:
Banjulele (banjouke, banjo ukulele, ukulele banjo; banjo on which the strings are of the same length, and of the same tuning (usually a', d',f#', b), as those of a ukulele; differs from the ukulele in that its tone is more strident)
New Grove dict. of jazz. WWW site, Apr. 29, 2005:
(banjo ukulele, 11,600; ukulele banjo, 7,650; banjulele, 685.)
banjulele
banjouke
banjolele
ukulele banjo
banjo uke
An instrument combining a banjo body and ukulele tuning.

bānsurī
v. 9, p. 131, under India (bānsurī) p. 142 (made of bamboo) v. 14, p. 107, under Pakistan (may also be made of metal)
(bā̃surī (bāṃsurī, bānsuri, bānsrī, bā̃srī): north Indian term for flutes of various types)
p. 36 (Bansurī (Sans.), whistle flute of the Punjab, 4-6 fingerholes; also called halur, husor, solor)
husor
bāṃsurī
halur
solor
bā̃surī
bā̃srī
baṃsarī
bānsrī
One of various types of South Asian flutes.

ductless flute

baritone horn
baritone horn (The baritone instrument of the Saxhorn family, pitched in B♭. The name is also used for the euphonium (tenor Tuba), especially in the USA, where the two instruments are structurally less dissimilar than in Europe and are often used interchangeably.)
under baritone (the baritone horn)
The baritone instrument of the saxhorn family, pitched in B♭. For the tenor of the tuba family see [euphonium]

baritone saxophone
baritone saxophone (baritone instrument of the saxophone family, pitched in E♭; the compass of the standard instrument is D–a', though many baritone saxophones have a key for concert C.)

baritone voice
Stimmgattungen (baritone (A-e1/g1; a voice type between tenor and bass, according to Doni)
vocal range; How were the tenor and bass vocal parts performed at the Pietà in Vivaldi's day? (several of the women are named "dal tenor' or in one case 'dal basso'; our recent survey...suggests that about 20% of women are capable of singing tenor, and 2% could sing bass)
Vivaldi's women WWW site, February 18, 2021:
Baritone (male voice in compass and depth between the tenor and the bass, with a normal compass of about A to f′ which may be extended at either end)
container (Lucia Lucas, mezzo and baritone)
Głowicka, Katarzyna. Unknown, I live with you, 2019:
baritone (singer)

medium voice

Baroque lute
A lute popular in 17th-18th century Europe that has ten to thirteen courses, and the upper courses are tuned to an open D minor chord.

barrel organ
barrel organ (mechanical instrument in which the musical programme is represented by projections on the surface of a slowly rotating barrel or cylinder; in its common form, the barrel organ comprises a small pipe-organ offering 14 notes or more in a non-chromatic scale and represented on between one and four stops or registers controlled by drawstops)
street organ
grinder organ
Dutch organ
hand organ
A small organ played chiefly by street musicians, in which a barrel with pins or staples is activated by a hand crank.

mechanical organ

barrel piano
cylinder piano
street piano
piano organ
pianette
A mechanical piano activated by a hand crank, with a pinned barrel or cylinder, played chiefly by street musicians.

mechanical piano

baryton
(Baryton (bariton, barydon, paradon, paridon, pariton))
(18th-century bowed stringed instrument similar to the bass viol, with six bowed strings and seven fingerboard frets ... and a very broad neck hollowed in the rear to accommodate as many as twenty sympathetic strings)
(bass string instrument simultaneously bowed from above and plucked from behind; term "lyra bastarda" occasionally although incorrectly applied to the baryton; hybrid instrument based on the Baroque bass viol and incorporating features of the lyra viol and the bandora; three basic forms: Baroque, Classical and revival)
viola di bordone
paridon
lyra bastarda
bariton
viola paredon
paradon
pariton
barydon
An 18th century bowed string instrument similar to the bass viol, but with the addition of sympathetic wire strings which could also be plucked with the left thumb.

bass-baritone voice
bass-baritone voice (male voice combining the compass and attributes of the bass and the baritone)
bass-baritone (singer)
A voice combining the compass and attributes of bass and baritone.

bass clarinet
bass clarinet (member of the clarinet family, generally pitched in B♭, an octave below the soprano clarinet.Its range is usually extended to E (usually written e; sounding D) on French and English instruments, D (written d; sounding C) on German instruments, and there is a growing tendency to use instruments extended to C (written c; sounding B′) in the manner of the basset-horn.)
A bass member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music and is generally pitched in B♭, an octave below the soprano clarinet.

bass drum
bass drum (The largest orchestral drum. Normally it has two heads, though single-headed drums, called ‘gong drums’, were popular in the 19th century. Mounted on a stand...As a part of the drum kit, the bass drum has shrunk over the years)

bass flute
under Flute (the term bass flute, although sometimes used to denote the alto flute in G, ought to be reserved for the flute in C, which sounds an octave below the concert flute)
(bass flute: cross flute pitched in C, and octave below the ordinary or concert flute, and thus in reality a tenor)
bass flute (term occasionally used to denote the alto flute in G, although more properly reserved for the flute in C an octave below the concert flute.)
Liebermann, L. Eight pieces for bass flute or alto flute or C flute or piccolo (1997), op. 59, c1998.
A flute pitched in C, an octave below the concert flute.

bass guitar
(Electric bass, Bass guitar)
(Electric bass guitar (Bass guitar): an electric guitar, usually with four heavy strings)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 23, 2001
electric bass guitar
bass, electric
bass (electric guitar)

electric guitar

bass recorder
Recorder (four main instruments in use today: the descant (known in the USA as the ‘soprano’; lowest note c″); treble (in the USA ‘alto’; lowest note f′), tenor (lowest note c′) and bass (f))

bass saxophone

bass trombone
brass trombone (Brass instr. with a range to F or E below the ten. tb. B♭)
under Trombone (Bass trombone)

bass voice
Stimmgattungen (bass (E-d1/f1))
bass (singer)

basset clarinet
Mozart, W.A. Clarinet concerto in A major, K622 [SR] p1986.
(Basset clarinet)
basset clarinet (soprano clarinet whose range is extended downwards to written c, in the manner of the basset-horn)
A clarinet similar to the soprano clarinet but with an extended lower range.

basset horn
(basset horn)
basset horn (Woodwind instrument; a member of the clarinet family, normally now pitched in F)
(Basset-horn: woodwind inst. of the clarinet family)

bassoon
bassoon (wooden conical wind instrument, sounded with a double reed, which forms the tenor and bass to the woodwind section)
(bassoon; under Curtal (double curtaile, curtall, curtoll, curtle, corthol, courthol): the name used in England from the late 16th century to the early 18th for both the Dulcian and the Bassoon)

batá
(Batá. Double-headed hourglass drum of the Afro-Cuban Lucumí cult)
A double-headed hourglass drum of the Afro-Cuban Lucumí cult.

hourglass drum

bayan
Under Accordion/Chromatic accordions/Button chromatic accordion (Known as the bayan in Russia and the musette in France, these differ from piano accordions mainly in that the right-hand section of this type of accordion is organized in three, four or five rows of buttons, usually coloured black and white). Under Russian Federation (a type of accordion introduced in 1907, with a chromatic keyboard and chord buttons). Under Belarus (the bayan or accordion)
(chromatic accordion of Russia)
disc label (In croce : for cello and bajan)
home page (In 1907 the instrument builder Peter J. Sterligow built a four-rowed button harmonica for the musician and pedagogue Jakow Orlanski-Titarenko in St. Petersburg, which he called bajan)
bajan
A Russian chromatic button-key accordion developed in the 20th century.

begena
(Begena most common; also Bagana and Beganna)
v. 1, p. 202 (beganna; also known as bagana, bägänna, begena; large box lyre of Sudan and Ethiopia, with eight to ten strings)
note in LC-Nairobi bib. record (Begena, one of the oldest string musical instruments in Ethiopia)
ʾAlamāyahu Wa/yoḥanes. Yabaganā ʾaśarārenā mamāriyā ... 2000:
p. 53 (bagana is a ... ten-stringed lyre)
Powne, M. Ethiopian Music : An Introduction, 1968:
baganā
beganna

lyre

bell
(Bell; a directly struck idiophone percussion instrument. Most bells have the shape of a hollow cup that when struck vibrates in a single strong strike tone, with its sides forming an efficient resonator. The strike may be made by an internal "clapper" or "uvula", an external hammer, or--in small bells--by a small loose sphere enclosed within the body of the bell (jingle bell); categories: Percussion instruments used as both pitched and unpitched)
(Bell; Fr. Cloche; Ger. Glocke; It., Sp. campana); the bell is classified as a percussion vessel; certain types (for instance, pellet bells), however, are vessel rattles; true bells are derived in shape from two basic forms: the cup and the hollow sphere; the bell’s cultivation as a musical instrument developed from its having been worn by people and shaken as a rhythm instrument to emphasize body movements in temple dances. Later it was hung on a frame singly or in small groups and used as a tone-colour instrument in court orchestras and was played by striking; from this it developed into an instrument of fixed scale comprising bells tuned in series; see also ... jingle)
Under Bells i (idiophone consisting of a hollow object, usually of metal but in some cultures of hard clay or even glass, which when struck emits a sound by the vibration of most of its mass)
A pitched or unpitched directly struck percussion idiophone shaped as a cup or hollow sphere. For an unspecified or undetermined cluster of bells or other objects of indefinite pitch which are held, worn, or suspended, then shaken for rhythmic effect see [jingles (percussion).]

percussion idiophone

berimbau
(Berimbau)
(berimbau: a Brazilian musical bow of African origin, with a single wire string and sometimes a gourd resonator; berimbau de barriga, urucungu)
(Berimbao)
berimbao
berimbau de barriga
urucungu
A single-string Brazilian musical bow with a gourd resonator that is played with a stick.

musical bow

struck string instrument

bian zhong
label (bian zhong)
Central Broadcasting Folk Orchestra, Peking [SR] 1981:
v. I, p. 228 (Bianzhong (pien-chung); Set of bronze bells of China.) v. III, p. 894, under Zhong (sets of bells, usually 16 in number, tuned chromatically, of either the zhong or niu construction ...)
pien chung

bichromatic harmonium
Profiles; Person; Willi (Willy) von Möllendorff (Moellendorf) (known for his experimentation with quarter-tones, for which he invented a bichromatic harmonium)
Schenker documents online WWW site, October 23, 2013:
(Möllendorff, W. Musik mit Vierteltönen; Erfahrungen am bichromatischen Harmonium)
harmonium, bichromatic
A quarter-tone harmonium invented by Willi von Möllendorff in the early 20th century.

reed organ

big band
Orchestral jazz (Orchestral jazz is a jazz genre developed in the United States in the 1920s, most significantly by Fletcher Henderson and Duke Ellington. As early as the 1910s there had been dance orchestras playing the popular songs of the day along with a smattering of jazz. But the first to truly perform and record orchestral jazz was Fletcher Henderson, starting in about 1923, who gathered from smaller quintets and sextets a number of notable New York based players and formed the first full jazz orchestra.) Big band (A big band is a type of musical ensemble that originated in the United States and is associated with jazz and the Swing Era typically consisting of rhythm, brass, and woodwind instruments totaling approximately 12 to 25 musicians. The terms jazz band, jazz ensemble, jazz orchestra, stage band, society band, and dance band may describe this type of ensemble in particular contexts.)
disc label (Dan Gailey Jazz Orchestra)
Jazz IV, p. 545 (The ten- 15-piece dance bands ... "big bands" or "big jazz bands")
Bands (In American schools the term "stage band" is used as a synonym for "big band" ... in jazz, the term ... is most frequently applied to larger ensembles for which the term "big band," "dance band," and "orchestra" have often been used interchangeably)
jazz band
jazz orchestra
stage band
dance band
dance orchestra (big band)
big jazz band
A band generally of 10-15 solo instruments, predominantly winds, and sometimes including a vocalist, that performs jazz and popular music for social dancing.

bilo
(Ancient Russian percussion plaque or disc, suspended from a tree; used for signalling in the monasteries of the Raskolniks (dissenters))
(Bilo, Russ.: semanterion)
An ancient Russian percussion plaque or disc that is suspended from a tree.

birbynė
Under Clarinet (form of the Lithuanian birbynė is an idioglot instrument of straw, quill, etc. with a reed cut into the tube near the top and one to three finger-holes). Under Lithuania (wind instrument made of maple or ash, has a conical barrel with five or six finger-holes; a mouthpiece of the clarinet type is inserted at the upper end and a cow-horn bell is attached at the lower)
Juozapaitis, V. Sonata birbynei solo, 1982.
(Birbynė; folk clarinet of Lithuania)
A single-reed folk instrument of Lithuania.

biwa
p. 91 (pear-shaped plucked lutes generically named biwa)
De Ferranti, H. Japanese musical instruments , 2000:
(The biwa is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling; The biwa came to Japan in the 7th century and it was evolved from the instrument pipa, while the pipa itself was derived from similar instruments in Western Asia. This type of biwa is called the gaku-biwa and was used in gagaku ensembles and is the most commonly known type. While the route is unclear, another type of biwa found its way to the Kyushu region, and this thin biwa (called mōsō-biwa or kōjin-biwa) was used in ceremonies and religious rites)
(biwa: a pear-shaped plucked lute, usually with four or five strings)
(There are more than seven types of biwa, characterized by number of strings, sounds it could produce, type of plectrum, and their use. As the biwa does not play in tempered tuning, pitches are approximated to the nearest note. Classic biwa: Gagaku-biwa; Gogen-biwa - Recently this instrument has been revived for historically informed performances and historical reconstructions. Not to be confused with the five-stringed variants of modern biwa, such as Chikuzen biwa; Mōsō-biwa - A biwa with four strings used to play Buddhist mantra and songs. It is similar in shape to the chikuzen-biwa, but with a much more narrow body; Middle and Edo biwa: Heike-biwa - A biwa with four strings and five frets used to play Heike Monogatari. Its plectrum is slightly larger than that of the gagaku-biwa, but the instrument itself is much smaller, comparable to a chikuzen-biwa in size; Satsuma-biwa - A biwa with four strings and four frets. Modern biwas used for contemporary compositions often have five or more frets, and some have a doubled fourth string. The frets of the Satsuma biwa are raised 4 centimeters from the neck allowing notes to be bent several steps higher, each one producing the instrument's characteristic sawari, or buzzing drone; Modern biwa: Chikuzen-biwa - A biwa with four strings and four frets or five strings and five frets popularized in the Meiji Period by Tachibana Satosada. Most contemporary performers use the five string version. Its plectrum is much smaller than that of the Satsuma biwa, usually about 13 centimeters in width, although its size, shape, and weight depends on the sex of the player; Nishiki-biwa - A modern biwa with five strings and five frets popularized by Suitō Kinjō. Its plectrum is the same as that used for the Satsuma biwa)
satsuma-biwa
mōsō-biwa
gogen-biwa
chikuzen-biwa
kōjin-biwa
heike-biwa
nishiki-biwa
gagaku-biwa
gaku-biwa

blul
Under Armenia (blul: end-blown flute)
(Syrinx, probably this name is an error, as this is a single flute, open at both ends, played vertically, used by Kurdish shepherds to signal their flocks)
W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collection, 1938-1940
Marcuse. Musical instruments, 1975;Web. 3
(Blul, open wooden end-blown flute of Armenia, of pastoral origin, also known by the Caucasian Kurds as the blur)
blur
A Kurdish and Armenian open wooden end-blown flute.

bodhrán
(bodhrán: single-headed frame drum of Ireland)

frame drum

body slapping
passim., also body-slapping

v. 4, 9, 10 (body percussion)
Garland encyc. of world mus. WWW site, Mar. 7, 2011:
(under Sound effects; Musical sound effects after 1950: body percussion)
(Body percussion is the art of creating percussive sounds using body movements and body parts exclusively; may be performed on its own or as an accompaniment to song. Examples include Indonesian saman; Ethiopian armpit music; Flamenco pamas; South African gumboot; and from the USA, the hambone.)
A performer who creates percussive sounds using body movements and body parts exclusively.

concussion idiophone

bonang
under Gamelan (gong-chime)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 16, 2012:
(Gamelan instrument; consists of two rows of horizontal gong-kettles with the open side facing down, which is placed on cords stretched over a rectangular wooden-frame. The bonang is played with two cylindrical sticks, which are padded with cord at the striking end. A full gamelan set has two kinds of bonang: bonang barung and bonang panerus; the latter is one octave higher than the former (its lower octave overlaps with the higher octave of bonang barung). Depending on the tuning system, a bonang may have fourteen gong-kettles for pelog (seven in each row), or twelve or ten for slendro (six or five in each row). Some gamelan may also have bonang panembung, a bonang whose octave range is one octave lower than bonang barung. Country of origin: Indonesia; Subregion: Java)
Wesleyan Univ. Virtual instrument museum, Mar. 16, 2012:
A gamelan instrument consisting of two rows of horizontal gong-kettles played with two sticks.

bones
(bones; folk musical instrument which consists of a pair of animal bones, or pieces of wood or similar material; played by holding them between the fingers and moving the wrist in such a way that they clap against one another)
bones (Concussion idiophones or Clappers...played in pairs (usually a pair in each hand))
A folk clapper consisting of a pair of animal bones, or pieces of wood or similar material, held between the fingers.

clapper (percussion)

bongos
(bongo, also called bongo drum)
Bongos (Bongo drums: A pair of small Afro-Cuban single headed drums with conical or cylindrical hardwood shells; one of the two main drum types of Cuba)
bongo drum
A pair of small Afro-Cuban single headed drums with hardwood shells.

bonkó
(bonkó; one of four drums in the ensemble associated with the Afro-Cuban Abakwá cult; enkómo is the name used for the other three drums (cotchíerima, endóga, tétendóga))
enchemí
bonkó-enchemiyá
One of four drums in the ensemble associated with the Afro-Cuban Abakwá cult.

border pipes
Essay page (Border pipes - they are bellows blown, have 3 drones issuing from a common stock & have a conical bored chanter in contrast to the parallel bore of the small pipes; the pipes were traditionally popular on both sides of the border)
Hamish Moore of Dunkeld WWW Site, 12 Apr. 2006:
Border Bagpipe page (the Border or Lowland bagpipe is a loud cauld wind pipe; Border, Lowland or "Cauld Wind" bagpipes differ from the Highland bagpipe. Their drones are set in common stock, they are usually bellows blown & have a quieter, sweeter tone)
Julian Goodacre Bagpipemaker WWW Site, 12 Apr. 2006:
Border Pipes - Scottish Lowland Bagpipes page (Border pipes are bellows blown, have 3 drones in a common stock & a conical bore chanter)
t.p., p. vii (Border pipes)
cauld wind bagpipes
lowland pipes
borderpipes
pipes, Scotish lowland
cauld wind pipes
Scottish lowland pipes
lowland bagpipes
Scottish lowland bagpipes
pipes, cauld wind
pipes, lowland
border bagpipes
A bellows-blown bagpipe of the Scottish lowlands.

bouzouki
(Buzuk)
Makhoul, N. Récital oriental à Baalbeck [SR] 1984, p1979
bouzouki (Greek long-necked lute, also found in Ireland.)
(Buzuki; chordophone of modern Greece)
(bouzouki: Greek long-necked lute)
buzuq
bouzoukee
buzuki
A plucked long-necked lute of the Mediterranean Region.

An unspecified bowed string instrument of the Sachs-Hornbostel lute classification.

(Viola da braccio: 16th- and 17th c. term for a member of vln. family or, more precisely, generic term for bowed str. ins. played on the arm as opposed to one played bet. the knees (viola da gamba))
under Bow (flexible stick of wood or a tube (bamboo) held under tension by a string or strings, usually of horsehair, used to draw sound from a string instrument)
Under Lyra ii (term used for various instruments, most often string instruments; "lyra" and "lira" in medieval and Renaissance writings designated various string instruments as well as the ancient Greek lyra); under Fiddle (generic term for any chordophone played with a bow; colloquially often used for a member of the violin family. During the Middle ages and early Renaissance the medieval versions of the word were used not only for bowed instruments in general but also for one particular type known today as the "medieval fiddle." To decide which instrument was meant requires an awareness of the date, the instruments, applicable, and the content) under Fret (A strip of gut, bone, ivory, wood or metal, placed across the fingerboard of certain bowed and plucked instruments)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 30, 2007:
p. 258 (Viola da braccio: In 16th c. general name for an arm-held string instrument; in 17th c., family name; in 18th c. a designation for the middle-voice instrument of the viola da braccio family; today, meaning has reverted to the generic definition of an arm-held string instrument)
Zeyringer, F. Die Viola da braccio, c1988:
(Viola da braccio: It.: arm viola; 16th-17th c. designation of instrs. of the violin family, as opposed to viola da gamba family; during 17th c. the term became reserved for the alto instr., our viola, still called Bratsche (from braccio) in German)
(Viola da braccio: in 16th and 17th c., a bowed string instrument played on the arm rather than on or bet. legs; thus, any of several instruments of the violin family, as distinct from viols)
fretted instrument
lira
lyra
bowed stringed instrument
bowed strings
bowed instrument
An unspecified string instrument played with a bow.

friction instrument

string instrument

boy soprano voice
Under Soprano (also used for a boy's treble voice (‘boy soprano’))
boy soprano (singer)
soprano, boy (singer)
treble voice
A treble voice that is traditionally performed by a male singer. For a child's voice regardless of gender, see [child's voice.]

child soprano voice

male voice

brass band
brass band (A group of instruments. The term was originally used for any group, but today there is a somewhat snobbish distinction between orchestras and bands. Brass bands use only cup-mouthpiece instruments (as well as percussion). Concert or wind bands, often now called wind orchestras, include all the winds and percussion and are derived from military bands.)
A large ensemble consisting of brass instruments and sometimes percussion.

brass ensemble
brass instrument ensemble
brass instruments
brass choir
An ensemble consisting of diverse brass instruments that cannot be described by a more specific term.

wind ensemble

brass instrument
brass instrument (family of lip-reed instruments, including brasswinds...A brass instrument is essentially tubular, sounded by the player exhaling through vibrated lips applied to one end of the tube. The term ‘brass instrument’ does not denote the material of construction, which is most commonly metal but can be of wood, plastic, etc. or composite.)

wind instrument

bronze drum
(bronze drum, a bronze idiophone (sometimes called bronze kettledrum) with a bronze tympanum instead of a skin head; origins in ancient Asia)
bronze kettledrum
drum, bronze
A drum with a bronze tympanum instead of a skin head.

bugle
bugle (Valveless brass or copper instr. of treble pitch, with wide tube of conical bore, moderate sized bell, and cup-shaped mouthpiece.)

bulbultarang
(Bulbultarang; Bulbultala; plucked board zither with a mechanized keyboard of India)
(bulbul tarang, instrument with two sets of strings (drone and melody) and keys which fret the strings; strings can be bowed or plucked with a pick; sometime known as "Indian banjo" or "Japan banjo"; similar instruments benju (Pakistan), kottafoshi (Maldives), medolin (Fijian Indian diaspora))
(usage: Bulbultarang)
Pālacantrarāju, E. Pulpultārā vācikkak kar̲r̲ukkoḷḷuṅkaḷ, 1993
bulbul tarang
An Indian zither with a button keyboard.

bull-roarer
(bull-roarer; instrument made by attaching a flat, narrow, elongated object to a string and whirling it overhead. As it circles the player, it rotates on its own axis, causing the air to vibrate and producing a roaring or screaming sound)
(Bull-roarer)
Zerries, O. The bull-roarer among South American Indians, 1953.
(bull-roarer)
(Bullroarer; the term bullroarer was universally adopted in 1880 as the technical term in English)
bullroarer
An instrument consisting of a flat, narrow, elongated object attached to a string that is whirled overhead.

free aerophone

bumbass
(Bumbass; Teufelsgeige)
Ehrenwerth, M. Teufelgeige und ländliche Musikkapellen in Westfalen, 1992
(Bladder and string; bumbass; basse de Flandre; bumba; stringed instrument consisting of a single gut string fastened at both ends to a curved stick, with an inflated animal bladder inserted between them that keeps the string taut and serves as a resonator; scraped with a horsehair bow or a notched stick; known widely in Europe since at least the 17th century)
(Bumbass; basse de Flandre; bowed monochord or stick zither consisting of a heavy gut string attached at each end to a long wooden pole and stretched over a pig's bladder; sounded with a notched stick or sometimes a horsehair bow)
bumbass (bowed monochord consisting of a heavy gut string attached at each end to a long wooden pole and stretched over a pig’s bladder. It is sounded with a notched stick or sometimes a horsehair bow and used in many parts of Europe to provide a droning rhythmic accompaniment to folksong or dance)
(under bladder fiddle; bumbass; poispil; European folk instrument)
(Bladder and string; bumbass; basse de Flandre; bumba)
bladder fiddle
Flandre, basse de
bladder and string
bumba
fiddle, bladder
basse de Flandre
poispil
A European folk instrument consisting of a single gut string fastened to a curved stick with an animal-bladder resonator.

stick zither

(button accordions: often called button box, squeezebox, or melodeon)
The Button Box WWW Home Page, Dec. 29, 1999
(Melodeon, a button-key accordion)
(button-key models of accordion)
button box (accordion)
button accordion
squeezebox

cabaca
Güiro (The name is also applied to the Atcheré, a large rattle with external strikers, used for religious rites of the Afro-Cuban Lucumí cult)
(for SATB, cowbell, gourd, and djembe)
Roberts, W. B. South African Gloria, 2013:
p. 5 (a percussion instrument consisting of a gourd covered with a loose netting into which the strikers have been woven) p. 12 (also known as ágbe, ággüe, or aggüé but its more precise name is shekeré or chekeré) p. 13 (sing. form: el chekeré)
98-183428: El acheré y los chekeré, c1995:
Cabaca (classified as a shaken idiophone)
under Sekere [shekere] (Gourd vessel rattle of the Yoruba people of Nigeria. It has external strikers, consisting of a network of cowrie shells.)
(chekeré; Afro-Cuban rattle, made of a large gourd or tinplate, with external strikers)
(atcheré; also, acheré, güiro; a large gourd rattle of the Afro-Cuban Lucumí cult)
p. 5 (a type of maraca, generally peduncular in shape; pl.: los acheré)
Ortiz, F. El acheré y los chekeré, c1995:
(Cabaca [afoxê, afuxê, cabasa, cabaza, sekere, shekere] natural or synthetic round or pear-shaped gourd covered with a network of beads and finishing in a single handle...important instrument in the Latin American dance band and and similar rhythmic ensemble, in the late 20th century increasingly being used in contemporary orchestral music)
aggüé
chekeré
guiro (rattle)
agbe
shekeré
gourd (rattle)
sekere
atcheré

cajón
Under Peru (the Afro-Peruvian cajón (wooden-box drum played with the hands).
cajón (a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front face (generally thin plywood) with the hands.)
(cajón)
p. 21, etc. (a wooden box drum, constructed, for instance, from shipping crates; played with the hands; pl. form: cajones)
Work cat.: 98-187923: Ortiz, F. El catá, el cajón, c1995:
A Latin American wooden box drum played with the hands.

calliope
calliope (musical instrument intended for outdoor use and operated by steam or compressed air)
(instrument consisting of tuned steam whistles played from a keyboard or operated by a barrel-and-pin mechanism)
An outdoor mechanical musical instrument consisting of tuned steam whistles.

campanula
New Grove dict. of musical instruments;Web. 3;New Grove dict. of mus. online
(developed [the campanula] after I was awarded with a contract to design an instrument after the model of a plant. I took the campanula (bell flower) as the ideal; buil[t] in all sizes; four playable strings are tuned the same way as with a cello, the measure of string length is identical as well. Additionally, there are 16 resonating strings wich are spread across the whole body of the campanula and may be tuned with pegs applied at the foot of the neck.)
Helmut Bleffert MusikiInstrumentenbau WWW site, April 4, 2013:
t.p. verso (einem Cello-ähnlichen Streichinstrument mit 12-16 Resonanzsaiten; includes name and address of the luthier-inventor)
95754991: Denhoff, M. Circula el tiempo : für 4-1 Violoncelli (Campanulen):
A modern bowed string instrument invented by Helmut Bleffert that is like a cello but with 16 additional resonating strings.

carillon
carillon (set of stationary, tuned bronze bells played…using a baton keyboard)

keyboard instrument

castanets
castanets (Percussion (strictly concussion) instruments of indefinite pitch, primarily associated with Spain)

catá
p. 5 (called "catá" in eastern Cuba; made of a piece of hardwood tree trunk, hollowed out, open at both ends, placed horizontally, and struck with two wooden drumsticks)
Work cat.: 98187923: Ortiz, F. El catá, el cajón, c1995:
(catá)
(percussion tube of E. Cuba, consisting of a trunk of mahogany or other hardwood, open at both ends, laid horizontally on a stand, and beaten with 2 sticks; modern ones are considerably smaller than older ones; also called hueco)
under Dominican Republic/African influence (... and/or a stick beaten on the drum body (catá, maraca))
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 7, 2009:
hueco
A Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a hollowed-out tree trunk open at both ends and struck with wooden sticks.

cavaquinho
(cavaquinho; small, four stringed cavaco (a Portuguese hybrid of guitar and mandolin); also known as machete)
(cavaquinho; plucked lute of Portugal and Brazil, midway between a guitar and a mandolin; in Hawaii, evolved into the ukulele; in Central America and the West Indies, evolved into the cuatro; also known as machete or machada)
container (cavaquinho; soprano guitar)
Cazes, H. Desde que o choro é choro--, 1995:
(cavaquinho; four-stringed plucked chordophone constructed like a mandolin but with single rather than double courses; also braguinha, braga, machete, machetinho, machete-de-braga; esp. popular in choros ensembles)
machetinho
braga
machada
machete
machete-de-braga
braguinha
A small four-stringed plucked instrument of Portugal and Brazil.

celebrant
celebrant (1. one who celebrates a public religious rite; 2. one who takes part in ceremonious or convivial festivities celebrating a special occasion)
A performer who celebrates a rite or special occasion and is explicitly required in the performance of a musical work.

celesta
(celesta: a keyboard inst. in the form of a small upright piano ... in which metal plates (usually steel) suspended over resonating boxes are struck by hammers and sustained after the manner of piano action; classified as a metallophone)
booklet (celeste solos; the celeste, a small instrument resembling a piano, but with the hammers striking mallets instead of strings)
The blues piano artistry of Meade Lux Lewis, 1990, via Naxos Music Library, accessed Nov. 25, 2019:
(celesta; variant: celeste; a keyboard instrument with hammers that strike steel plates producing a tone similar to that of a glockenspiel)
Merriam-Webster dictionary online, Nov. 25, 2019
celeste

cell phone
mobile phone
A mobile phone used as a musical instrument that is explicitly required in the performance of a musical work.

electronic instrument

cello
LC-PCC PS for 6.15.1.6 RDA (LC practice: use the following instrument names: cello [...])
(The bass instrument of the violin family. It was known originally as the bass violin.)
New Grove dict. of music online (Jan. 22, 2013)
cello (bass instrument of the violin family)
violoncello
bass violin

cello ensemble
cello choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more cellos.

bowed string ensemble

cellone
(under Krug, Arnold: cellone, an instrument between the cello and the double bass)
label (cellone) insert (a large cello invented by Alfred Stelzner, having four strings tuned in fifths a fourth below the cello; its body length (77 cm.) and its breadth slightly exceed those of a cello, but it sounds deeper)
Work cat.: Summit Chamber Players. Homage to Stelzner [SR] 2005:
A large cello-like instrument tuned a fourth lower than the cello.

cembal d'amour
(invented by Gottfried Silbermann about 1720; clavichord with strings of approximately twice the normal length struck by the tangents precisely at their mid-point)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, July 25, 2003
A large clavichord on which the strings are struck by tangents at their precise mid-point.

clavichord

čhakhē
(Čhakhē; jakhē; plucked tube zither of Thailand)
under Thailand (plucked zither čhakhē has three strings, two made of silk and the third made of brass)
(ja-kae)
Pakō̜n Rō̜tchāngphư̄an. Dīeo-- čhakhē, 199-
(Čhakhē; Jàkhây; Jakhē)
jakhē
jàkhây
ja-kae
A plucked zither of Thailand with three strings, two made of silk and the third of brass.

tube zither

chalumeau
(single-reed instrument of predominantly cylindrical bore, related to the clarinet; keyless chalumeau apparently known in England as the mock trumpet; originally and to the end of the 17th century denoted a pipe or bagpipe chanter)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, March 1, 2001
trumpet, mock
mock trumpet
A single-reed instrument related to the clarinet.

chamadron
verso, p. 4 (The chamadron is a type of pipe organ consisting of reed pipes arranged on a track so as to project horizontally through louvers in a church tower when played, and to retract for protection from the elements. The only existing example of the instrument as of 1996 (in the Hervormde Church, Havelte, Netherlands) has 50 copper pipes controlled from a keyboard consisting of one manual and pedalboard. It was invented by Cornelius Roubos, an organist in Zweeloo, Netherlands, in 1988. The name "chamadron" comes from the French "en chamade" which designates horizontal placement of reed pipes, typically the horizontally projecting trumpet stops of Spanish organs. The instrument has antecedents in the 13th and 18th centuries)
Work cat.: 2001547569: Starke, M.J. Three pieces for chamadron, c1999:
A organ consisting of reed pipes projected horizontally through louvers in a church tower that was invented in the 20th century.

chamber orchestra
chamber orchestra (small orchestra of a few strings on each part and selected woodwind and brass)

orchestra

chamber organ
(Chamber organ (Cabinet d'orgue, Kammerorgel). Usually refers to organs built in an upright cabinet. Distinguished from portative, regals, table organ, and fixed church positive; "cabinet organ" is a more suitable name and is much used by German and Dutch writers)
(Chamber organ (Cabinet organ, cabinet d'orgue, orgue de chambre, orgue de salon, Hausorgel, Kammerorgel, huisorgel))
(Chamber organ (Cabinet d'orgue, Kammerorgel))
Work cat.: Gierveld, A.J. Antieke Nederlandse huisorgels uit het bezit van Dirk Andries Flentrop, 1990.
cabinet organ

changgo
(changgo: double-headed hourglass drum, the chief percussion inst. of Korea. Also known as changgu, sŏlchanggo, and seyogo)
seyo go
sŏlchanggo
chang go
changgu
A double-headed hourglass drum from Korea.

changing voice
(changing voice; boy's changing voice)
under Cambiata (In American usage ‘cambiata’ denotes the changing voice of an adolescent boy)
(Changing Voices- Songs within an octave for teenage male voices)
cambiata voice
A voice that is changing due to adolescent development of male secondary sex characteristics.

charango
Work cat.: Caballero Araujo, B.A. El charango peruano, 198-.
(Charango, small guitar of the Andean region)
charango (Small fretted lute of the Andean regions of Bolivia, central and southern Peru and northern Argentina)
A small fretted plucked-string instrument of the Andean region with a bowl made of an armadillo shell or of wood shaped like an armadillo shell.

chiboni
under gudastviri (droneless, double-chantered, horn-belled bagpipe played in Georgia...In some regions, called the chiboni, stviri, or tulumi)
(Chiboni; bagpipe of Adjaria in Georgia, U.S.S.R.)
under Georgia (Republic of): the chiboni or chimoni (a type of bagpipe); under Bagpipe (Georgia (gudastviri) and neighbouring regions of the Caucasus (chiboni etc.).
(Chiboni; tulum (mouth-blown bagpipe of Turkey) found in Adzhar, Georgia, U.S.S.R.)
t.p. (Čiboni) colophon (Russ. name: Chiboni)
Work cat.: 90-151789: Msxalaże, A. Kʻartʻuli xalxuri sakravieri musikis istoriidan, 1969:
tulumi
chimoni
gudastviri
čiboni
stviri
tulum
A droneless bagpipe from the Caucasus region.

child soprano (singer)
soprano, child (singer)

child's voice

high voice

children's chorus

treble chorus

page 20 (the first ACDA Repertoire and Standards Committee for Children’s Choirs defined the genre as choirs of treble singers, both male and female, ages eight to sixteen)
Potter, Heather Williams. Perspectives on the American children's choir. 2005 :
title page (Escape at bedtime : 2-part treble voices and piano) caption (commissioned by Sydney Grammar School for the 2011 New Zealand tour)
Hamilton, David. Escape at bedtime, 2011:
Treble (a high voice, especially of a boy or (less commonly) girl; a high vocal or instrumental part... since the 18th century 'soprano' has gradually displaced 'treble' except in reference to children's voices and to certain older instruments such as the treble viol and the treble recorder)
title page (Seven responses for Tenebrae : for soprano solo (child's voice), mixed chorus (children's and men's voices) and orchestra)
Work cat: Poulenc, Francis. Seven responses for Tenebrae, 1964:
child (singer)
A child's voice regardless of gender. For a treble voice that traditionally is performed by a male singer, see [boy soprano voice.]

singer

chimes
chimes (generic term for a set of idiophones consisting of hollow, open tubes which, when struck at one end, emit a sound of definite pitch...may now refer to a set of bells large or small, hung indoors or out, provided they are of limited range, are fastened stationary and are struck to sound)

ching (cymbals)
(Ching; Chìng)
bunder South-east Asia (In the music of mainland South-east Asia...the duple rhythm is marked by the sound of a small set of hand cymbals (Myanmar: sì, yagwìn; Thailand: ching, etc.));under Pin peat (ching (a pair of small cymbals)
(Ching; lists a Korean gong and a Thai pair of cymbals)
A small pair of hand cymbals from Southeast Asia.

ching (gong)
ching (Large, lipped flat bronze gong of Korea. It is also variously called taegǔm (‘large gong’), kǔm (‘gong’), na (‘gong’) or kǔmna (‘metal gong’).)

gong

chipendani
p. 13 (chipendani, musical bow: the characteristic of chipendani is that the string is plucked and the mouth is used for amplification to produce harmonics)
Huwiler, K. Musical instruments of Africa, 1995:
Work cat.: 99179802: Brenner, K.P. Chipendani und Mbira, 1997.
(chipendani [tshipendani]: braced mouth bow of the Shona (Karanga, Zazuru) peoples of Zimbabwe)
tshipendani
A mouth-resonated musical bow of the Shona people of Zimbabwe.

mouth bow

chirimía
container (Chirimía)
Work cat.: Gandarias, I. de. La feria fantástica, p1997:
v. 2 (under Distribution, symbolism and use of music instruments: the shawn, known as chirimía in Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico and chirimía and chirisuya in Peru)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, viewed on Music online, Oct. 30, 2013:
(chirimía: a shawm of Spain and Latin America)
(chirimía; shawm, classified as an oboe; a folk instrument played in most areas of Spain and the New World; Catalan spelling, Xirimía)
xirimía
chirisuya
A double-reed folk instrument played in Spain and Latin America.

chitarra battente
(Chitarra battente (guitare en bateau): guitar of southern Italy; played with a plectrum)
Work cat.: 98219247: Caliendo, C. La chitarra battente, 1998.
(The chitarra battente or plectrum (‘beaten’) guitar of the 17th and 18th centuries; under Chitarra (chitarra battente, 5-course metal-strung guitar with fixed metal frets and played with plectrum.)
guitare en bateau
A five-course metal-strung guitar of 17th and 18th century Italy.

chorus
chorale (1. a hymn or psalm sung to a traditional or composed melody in church. 2. chorus, choir) chorus (1 c. an organized company of singers who sing in concert : choir) choir (1. an organized company of singers (as in a church service))
Merriam-Webster dictionary online, Aug. 6, 2020:
chorale (1. A musical composition (or part of one) consisting of or resembling a harmonized version of a simple, stately hymn tune. 2. US A choir or choral society) choir (1. An organized group of singers, typically one that takes part in church services or performs regularly in public) chorus (1. A part of a song that is repeated after each verse, typically by more than one singer. 2. A large organized group of singers, especially one that performs together with an orchestra or opera company)
Lexico website (OED website), Aug. 6, 2020:
(For unspecified chorus with piano accompaniment) (OCoLC)1104918302
Gilpin, Greg. Partner songs for the developing choir, 2017
The Wellington College Chorale 2006, 2006?
Burrell, Robert W. B. The abbey steps : for choir or vocal ensemble, 2014.
Work cat.: Casals, Pablo. Hymn to the United Nations : cor i orquestra simfònica = choir and symphony orchestra, 2011
chorale
choir

vocal ensemble

chorus changing voices
title page (Selected secular compositions suitable for choirs with male changing voices)
Work cat: Alexander, Linda. Selected secular compositions suitable for choirs with male changing voices, 1992:
Human development; Development of the reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics (Breaking of the voice occurs relatively late in adolescence. The change in pitch accompanies enlargement of the larynx and lengthening of the vocal cords, caused by the action of the male hormone testosterone on the laryngeal cartilages)
changing voices, chorus
A chorus of singers whose voices are changing due to adolescent development of male secondary sex characteristics.

mixed chorus
Mount, Timothy. Treble voices in choral music; page 26 (women, men, boys, or castrati; only men and boys were allowed to sing in liturgical choirs throughout Europe before the middle of the 18th century; there were three alternatives to using boys' voices to sing treble parts: castrati, a mysterious Spanish technique of falsetto singing, and male altos)
A chorus comprising voices singing both higher (soprano and/or alto) and lower ranges (tenor and/or bass).

çifte
under Arghūl (Double clarinet with a cylindrical bore, composed of melody pipe and drone pipe each with single beating reeds; belongs to the family of idioglot clarinets, which includes the...çifte (Turkey)); under Central Asia (double clarinet of Turkey (çifte))
booklet, p. 11 (a small clarinet ... probably belongs to the sibizgu/sibuzgu mentioned in the Kashgari dictionary; recorded in Turkey)
sipsi
A Turkish double clarinet consisting of a melody pipe and drone pipe.

cigar box guitar
resource for cigar box guitars, including construction, lessons, events, groups, forums, and community.
2011041194: Sutton, D. Cigar box guitars, 2012.
under Christian, Charlie (built and played cigar-box ‘guitars')
The cigar box guitar is a primitive chordophone that uses an empty cigar box for a resonator. ... The earliest predecessors had one or two strings compared with the three or more used in today's models. Generally speaking, strings are connected between the end of a broomstick or 1" x 3" wood slat and to the resonator, the cigar box.
A guitar-like instrument that has an empty cigar box as a resonator.

cimbalom
(cimbalom (kimbalom); box zither of Hungary)
(Tsymbaly. Ukrainian term for the Cimbalom)
(Cimbalom)
Bandera, M.J. The tsymbaly maker and his craft, 1991.
(cimbalom: either of two types of Hungarian dulcimer)
container insert (Hungarian hammered dulcimer; cymbal; cymbalum)
Allaga, G. Hungarian concerto for cimbalom, p1999:
Hungarian hammered dulcimer
tsymbaly
hammered dulcimer, Hungarian
cymbal (cimbalom)
kimbalom
cymbalom
cymbalum
A Hungarian hammered dulcimer used in both folk and concert music.

dulcimer

citaharp
(Audet, F.X. Citaharp method)
Work cat.: Audet, F.X. Practical self-instructor for playing the citaharp, c1902.
[A zither produced by the Audet Music Co. of Boston in the early 20th century.]

cithara
(kithara (cithara): the most important string inst. of Greco-Roman antiquity. Like the lyre it was distinguished from most string instruments by the absence of a neck)
(A large lyre with wooden soundboard (it is classified as a Chordophone). When the term was first used in ancient Greece, it mostly referred to the large flat-based lyre that shown on Attic vase paintings of the period c625-400 bce; this instrument is now usually known as the "concert" kithara. The term has also been used more broadly in modern scholarly literature to designate a variety of large lyres, and has even been applied to large flat-based lyres outside Greece. In addition to the concert kithara there are the "Thamyras" and "Italiote" kitharas and the "cylinder" kithara)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 26, 2007
(kithara; also cithara)
(cithara)
kithara

cittern
(cittern)
(cittern [cithren])
(Cittern [cithren, cittharn, citharen]; (Fr. cistre; Ger. Cither, Cythar, Zister, Zitter; It. cetra, cetera, cetara; Sp. citara, cithara, citola) a plucked instrument with wire strings that achieved its greatest importance in the 16th and 17th centuries. Although it was regarded as a classical revival of the ancient Greek Kithara (from which its name derives) in Italian Renaissance humanist culture, its direct precursor was the medieval Citole)
New Grove dict. mus., 2nd ed. WWW site, May. 31, 2001
(cittern, or cithern, or cithren)
cittharn
citharen
cithren
A wire-strung plucked instrument popular in 16th and 17th century Europe.

Clappers (Concussion idiophones consisting of two or more objects in the form of sticks, plaques or vessels of wood, bone, ivory, nutshells, marine shells, etc. They may be hinged together at one end, or two may be hinged to a central piece.)
A general term for a percussion instrument that consists of two objects that clap together.

(Clarinet/Clarinet of Western Art Music/Clarinet family)
clarionet
C clarinet (soprano)
primer clarinet
soprano clarinet
B-flat clarinet (soprano)
A clarinet (soprano)
B♭ clarinet (soprano)
A soprano member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music, or any unspecified or undetermined member of the clarinet family.

clarinette d'amour
(late 18th-century member of the clarinet family)
(clarinette d'amour, clarinetto d'amore)
(clarinet d'amour)
Work cat.: Haydn, J. Trio no. 1 in E♭, [SR] p1986
clarinet d'amour
clarinetto d'amore

claves
claves (pair of short hardwood sticks, the principal time-keepers in much Latin American dance music)
A Latin American percussion instrument consisting of a pair of short, thick, hardwood sticks that are struck together.

(Clavichord: a keyboard instrument, the simplest and at the same time the most subtle and expressive of those whose sound is produced by strings rather than by pipes; classified as a box zither)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 13, 2002
A European keyboard instrument on which the strings are struck by tangents.

clavicylinder
(under Klavizylinder: friction idiophone with keyboard in the shape of a square piano, developed in 1799 by Ernst Chladni; keys attached to curved metal rods which sound by contact with a rotating wet glass cylinder)
Klavizylinder
euphonium (clavicylinder)
A keyboard instrument invented in 1799 that sounds when curved metal rods attached to the keys contact a rotating wet glass cylinder.

friction idiophone

clavicytherium
(Clavicytherium)
Work cat.: Nagel, K. Klavizitherium, selbst gebaut, 1987.
(Clavicytherium (Fr.: clavecin vertical; Ger.: Klaviziterium; It.: cembalo verticale). Upright harpsichord with vertical soundboard)
klavizitherium
clavecin vertical
cembalo verticale
klaviziterium
An upright harpsichord with vertical soundboard.

claviharpe
under Harp-piano (The first such instrument to have established itself seems to have been the claviharpe demonstrated by Johann Christian Dietz in Paris in 1814. The instrument was strung with gut and had three pedals, sustaining, bassoon and buff stop. Dietz and his son produced versions of this instrument until about 1890)
(claviharpe: a type of harp-piano)
keyed harp
clavi-harp
A 19th century instrument that combines a harp with a keyboard.

clavioline
under Selmer (1954;electronic musical instruments intended to imitate a range of wind and string instruments).
(electronic keyboard instrument, a forerunner to the analog synthesizer;invented by Constant Martin in 1947; consists of a keyboard and a separate amplifier and speaker unit)
(a monophonic three-octave piano attachment developed by Constant Martin in Versailles in 1947)
An electronic keyboard instrument invented in 1947 that was a forerunner to the analog synthesizer.

electronic keyboard

claviorgan
claviorgan (English equivalent to the quasi-Latin claviorganum, denoting a keyboard instrument in which strings and pipes ‘sound together to produce a pleasing sound’ (Praetorius, 2/1619))
claviorganum
An instrument combining a harpsichord and an organ, in which the strings and pipes sound together.

clock chimes
(Chimes 2 (Clock chimes))
ref. from chiming clock to Chimes/Clock chimes (automatic timepiece)
tower clock bell
bell, tower clock
bell, clock chime
clock chime bell
chiming clock
A clock equipped with carillon or other chiming mechanism. For a clock equipped with a mechanical organ use [musical clock.]

mechanical instrument

cloud chamber bowls
under Partch, Harry (cloud chamber bowls, idiophone made of glass, created by Harry Partch)
under Experimental music (glass bottles that are played with a mallet)
t.p. (cloud chamber bowls) p. 1 (the music is obviously for a melody instrument, hence many bowls would normally be required, justifying plural usage)
Work cat.: 00511497: Drummond, D. Four miniatures, c1997:
List of instruments by Harry Partch (cloud chamber bowls; a set of 12-US-gallon (45 L) Pyrex bowls cut from the carboys of cloud chambers, suspended in a frame; first built in 1950)
An instrument invented by Harry Partch that consists of tuned glass bowls suspended in a frame.

colascione
(colascione; Italian long-necked lute, with two or three courses of metal or gut strings played with a plectrum; derived from the Middle Eastern tanbūr)
An Italian long-neck lute derived from the Middle Eastern ṭanbūr, in which two or three courses of strings are played with a plectrum.

computer
A computer that is explicitly required in the performance of a musical work.

computer printer
A printer activated by a computer and used as medium of performance.

concertina
(concertina: a portable instrument of the reed organ family)
notes (The concertina used, sometimes called the "Squashbox" ...)
concertina (bellows-blown, hexagonal- or octagonal-shaped, Free reed instrument, with buttons parallel to the bellows on both sides)
squashbox
A button-key accordion on which the button motion is in the same direction as that of the bellows.

concertina ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more concertinas.

page 14 (111.1, Concussion idiophones or clappers; two or more complementary sonorous parts are struck against each other)
An idiophone that consists of two or more complimentary sonorous parts struck against each other.

struck idiophone

conductor
music conductor
director, music
music director
A conductor who is also a performer, as explicitly stated by the composer.

conga
(conga drum (conga); Sp. tumbadora; barrel-shaped Afro-Cuban drum usually played with the hands)
(conga; tumbadora; a tall, narrow, single-headed Cuban drum)
conga drum
tumbadora
A tall, narrow, single-headed Afro-Cuban drum.

continuo
(thorough bass: continuo)
(thoroughbass, figured bass (Italian: basso continuo))
(Thoroughbass: the Italian and more original term "basso continuo" has now largely replaced "thoroughbass" as (1) the English term for the art of accompaniment from a figured bass line, and (2) the name or label for such a bass line when issued as an instrumental part. Basso continuo: see Continuo)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Mar. 27, 2002
(thoroughbass or thorough bass: see continuo)
through bass
basso continuo
figured bass
thoroughbass
An instrumental practice of the 17th and 18th centuries in which one or more instruments improvise a chordal accompaniment from a written bass line.

contra-alto clarinet
(Contra-alto clarinet; these days more often referred to as the E-flat contrabass clarinet)
under Contrabass clarinet (A member of the clarinet family pitched two octaves below the soprano clarinet in B flat or an octave below the alto clarinet (in E flat))
Grove music online, viewed Sept. 21, 2015:
Wikipedia: under Clarinet (The contra-alto clarinet is higher-pitched than the contrabass and is pitched in the key of EE♭rather than BB♭. It is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the EE♭contrabass clarinet. The unhyphenated form "contra alto clarinet" is also sometimes used, as is "contralto clarinet", but the latter is confusing since the instrument's range is much lower than the contralto vocal range)
contrabass clarinet (E♭)
contralto clarinet
E♭ contrabass clarinet
E-flat contrabass clarinet
A contra-alto member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music and is pitched in E♭, a fourth higher than the contrabass clarinet.

contrabass clarinet
(E-flat contra-alto clarinet)
2001545332: Ritter, R. Long, long ago, c1999
t.p. (for contra-bass clarinet)
(Contrabass clarinet)
(contrabass clarinet, sometimes called pedal clarinet)
under Clarinet/Clarinet of Western Art Music/Clarinet family (Contrabass (pedal) clarinets,E♭from late 19th century, B♭from late 19th century)
(B-flat contra-bass clarinet)
2001545331: Ritter, R. Long, long ago, c1999
(Contrabass clarinet: A member of the clarinet family pitched two octaves below the soprano clarinet in B♭ (or one below the B♭ bass clarinet) or an octave below the alto clarinet (in E♭). The B♭ variety is sometimes called "pedal clarinet")
B♭ contrabass clarinet
B-flat contrabass clarinet
contra-bass clarinet
pedal clarinet
A contrabass member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music and is pitched in B♭, two octaves below the soprano clarinet.

contrabass flute
under Flute (U-shaped instrument)
(flauto subbasso solo in sol; Subbassflöte in G)
Work cat.: 99-192214: Michael, F. Una cavatina, c1996
(mentions contrabass flutes in C and G)
under Flute (about 1925, Gino Bartoli of Milan devised a flute in C, which he called a contrabass flute; this is simply a large Boehm-system instrument)

contrabass recorder
under Recorder (contrabass (F)…also called great bass; New Harv.: under Recorder (The modern recorder family…contrabass ([lowest pitch] f])

contrabass saxophone

contrabassoon
double bassoon

cornet
cornet (valved brass wind instrument of contralto or soprano pitch developed in the late 1820s)
cornopean
A valved brass instrument of contralto or soprano pitch that was developed in the late 1820s.

cornet ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more cornets.

cornett
(cornett, cornetto, or zink; an early wind instrument popular from 1500-1650; sound produced by lip vibrations against a cup mouthpiece; consists of a conical wooden pipe covered in leather with fingerholes and a small horn or ivory mouthpiece)
(Cornett, cornaboux, cornet à bouquin, zink, cornetto, corneta; a wooden, lip-vibrated wind instrument with finger holes and a cup-shaped mouthpiece, classified as a valveless trumpet)
cornaboux
cornet à bouquin
cornetto
corneta
zink
An wind instrument popular in the 16th and 17th centuries that consists of a conical wooden pipe with finger holes and a cup mouthpiece.

countertenor voice
countertenor voice (male high voice, originally and still most commonly of alto range, though the title is increasingly employed generically to describe any adult male voice higher than tenor)
countertenor (singer)

cowbell
cover (for tuba and Almglocke)
Horwood, Michael S., Microduet, no. 3, 1988:
(clapperless bell. Graduated sets of cowbells have been used in most periods of jazz history)
page 709 (cowbells, Ger. Almglocken)
Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2nd ed., 2014:
Almglocke
A percussion instrument similar to bells worn by livestock, but without a clapper.

cristal
(The keyboard is made of glass rods which play the part of a bow. When they are stroked with damp fingers, they transmit the vibration to the metal axes called « rods » which vibratory mode is given by the weights fixed to the upper end. (vibratory mode forced by simple frame or double frame). The whole of the mechanics are framed in a collector, conducting the vibration to the amplifiers. Since the 1950s, some fifty cristals have been created ... they are mainly distinguishable by the organisation of the keyboard, by their range and their amplification type.)
Structures sonores, Atelier Bousequet WWW site, Jun. 24, 2011:
(Cristal Baschet; musical instrument that produces sound from oscillating glass cylinders; also known as crystal organ or Crystal Baschet; 54 chromatically-tuned glass rods which are rubbed with moistened fingers to produce vibrations which are passed to a heavy block of metal by metal stems of variable length; created in 1952 by Bernard and Francois Baschet)
Marcuse;New Grove dict. of mus. inst.;New Grove dict. of mus. online
Work cat.: Smith, K. Concerto for cristal four-hands and orchestra, c1992.
crystal organ
Cristal Baschet
A musical instrument constructed of glass rods attached to tuned metal stems that are sounded by the friction of moistened fingers rubbed on the glass.

crotales
crotales (Small cymbals tuned to a definite pitch)
(crotales: small cymbals tuned to a definite pitch. Modern crotales are rather heavier than finger cymbals (which are unpitched and may also be classified as metal clappers or castanets). The term "antique cymbals" (Fr. cymbales antiques) may refer to pitched or unpitched instruments. As a rule, if no pitch is indicated the intended sound is that of finger cymbals.)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Dec. 20, 2002
Small cymbals tuned to a definite pitch.

crumhorn
(crumhorn; krummhorn, krumbhorn, tournebout, storto, cornamuto) torto, piva torta)
(crumhorn; woodwind instrument most commonly used in the Renaissance; capped double-reed with finger holes)
krummhorn
cromorne
A capped double-reed instrument most commonly used in Renaissance Europe.

crwth
(Crowd; also Crwth)
(Crwth, chorus, crot, crowd; a Welsh and middle English term for plucked or bowed lyres)
(Crwth; bowed lyre of ancient Wales ... called crouth in 14th c. England and later crowd. In the Middle Ages it was also known by the Lat. name of chorus)
crwth (Welsh term for a plucked and, from about the 11th century, a bowed lyre)
crowd (crwth)
crouth
crot
A Welsh lyre that has been bowed since the 11th century.

csakan
under Csákány (czakan) (Hung.: 'cane-flute'; Hungarian instrument of the recorder type, classified as a duct flute)
under Csakan (Hung. csakany: 'cane flute'; duct flute in the shape of a walking stick or an oboe, popular in and around Vienna from about 1807 until the 1840s. The instrument is related to the shepherds' flutes of Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia, which combine duct flute and walking stick, and to the other variously shaped instruments, such as the 18th-century iron 'csakanyfokos' which is both a weapon and a duct flute)
New Grove dict. mus., 2nd ed. WWW site, Apr. 09, 2001:
under Flöten (Csakan, a walking stick recorder; originated in the Vienna region at the beginning of the 19th century; prevalent from 1806 to 1850)
cover (csákány)
Krähmer, E. Fantasia für Csakan (Sopran- oder Altblockflöte) solo, c1999:
csákány
A walking stick recorder originating around Vienna in the early 19th century.

cuatro
(cuatro; an instrument of the guitar family, found in South America and the West Indies)
cuatro (small four-string plucked lute descended from the Spanish vihuela)
Any of several distinct Latin American or Carribean instruments of the guitar family.

cuíca
t.p. (White alert : for solo cuica)
Work cat.: Cohen, R.S. White alert, 2008:
New Grove dictionary of jazz (Cuíca; Puíta; Quíca; Brazilian friction drum)
(Cuíca; Puíta)
New Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 1984
puíta
quíca
A Brazilian friction drum whose pitch can be changed by applying varying pressure to the drum head.

friction drum

cymbal
(cymbals; broad-rimmed circular plates of indefinite pitch, slightly convex so that only the edges touch when two are struck together)
cymbal l(single cymbals are suspended (by one hand or on a stand) and struck with a beater)
cymbals
A single cymbal suspended on a stand, or a pair of cymbals struck together.

da tong
p. 68 (Ta tʻung; type of erh hu; used in performances of Hunan flower drum drama)
p. 111 (fiddle of Hunan Province; similar to er hu but larger; used to accompany Hunan flower drum drama)
p. 68 (Ta tSung; type of erh hu; used in performances of Hunan flower drum drama)
Pu, T. Hua ku hsi ta tʻung yen sou fa, c1979.
New Grove dict. musical instruments;Lee, Y. Chinese musical instruments;New Grove dict. of mus. online
A type of er hu used in performances of Hunan flower drum drama.

er hu

daff
daff (Round single-headed frame drum connected with Muslim cultures. In varying forms it is found in West Asia, the Caucasus, the Iranian plateau, Central Asia and south-eastern Europe.)
(Daf)
Work cat.: Gurdjieff, G.I. Music composed in collaboration [SR] p1982
(ḍaph, daf, ḍaff, duff)
daf
ḍaph
duff
A round single-headed frame drum from the Middle East and North Africa.

damba
under Islamic religious music (hourglass drum)
CIP galleys (Damba dance drumming is performed in Ghana on hourglass and cylindrical drums to commemorate the birth of the Prophet Mohammed.)
v. 20, appen. A (Damba: festival music and dance, also an hourglass drum, in Ghana; Islamic religious music)
A Ghanaian hourglass drum played at the damba festival.

đàn bâù
(đàn bâù (đàn đoc huyen) single string zither of Vietnam)
under Zither (the Dàn bầu (c100 cm) of minority peoples of northern Vietnam and south-west China, a box zither with a single metal string attached to a flexible stem (for pitch control))
p. 205, Non-western and obsolete instruments, Plucked instruments (Dan doc huyen)
The ultimate encyclopedia of musical instruments, c1996:
Work cat.: Thanh, P.D. Vietnamese traditional dan bau music [SR] p2003.
v. 4, p. 471 (đàn bâù, also đàn độc huyền)
đàn độc huyền

đàn tranh
(Đàn tranh; Vietnamese 16-string board zither)
Work cat.: Landscape of the Highlands [SR] p1997.

dancer
A dancer who is explicitly required by the composer for the performance of a musical work.

darabukka
(Darabukka (darbukka, darboukka, darabuke) A single-headed goblet drum found in the Islamic Middle East and North Africa)
t.p. (derbuka)
(Darabukka [darbuka, darabuke, derbuga, derbukka common to many Arab musical traditions]; the origin of the term darabukka is somewhat obscure but probably lies in the Arabic word darba (‘to strike’). Similar instruments are known by various (often onomatopoeic) names according to location and tradition)
Grove music online WWW site, Jan. 6, 2023
title page (doumbek)
Gottschalk, Evan. Concerto for doumbek & soundscape, 2015:
Work cat.: Vigreux, P. La derbouka, c1985.
container (darbuga)
cover, p. 2 (The miraculous tale; for alto saxophone and derabucca)
derabucca
derbuka
darabuke
darboukka
derbukka
derbuga
darbukka
dumbek
derbouka
darbuka
doumbek
darbuga
A single-headed goblet drum found in the Middle East and North Africa.

goblet drum

daxophone
Work cat.: Reichel, H. Yuxo [SR] : a new daxophone operetta, p2002.
(Daxophone: a wooden pitched-percussion instrument invented by Hans Reichel in the mid-1980s. A narrow, flat strip of wood, anchored at one end, is bowed, scraped, tapped, or struck in other ways; a mobile wooden block (the dax) changes the pitch of the wooden strip)
Reichel, H. Shanghaied on Tor Road [SR] : the world's 1st operetta performed on nothing but the daxophone, p1992.
A bowed idiophone consisting of a narrow, flat strip of wood anchored at one end, invented by Hans Reichel in the 1980s.

dhimay
(dhimay (dhime); double-headed cylindrical drum of the Newari people of Nepal)
p. 9 (dhimay)
Work cat.: 87-151811: Wegner, G. The dhimaybaja of Bhaktapur, 1986:
dhime
A double-headed cylindrical drum from Nepal.

dholi
(Dholi; double-headed cylindrical drum of Tiflis, U.S.S.R., with laced heads stretched over metal hoops; also doul and doli)
label (doul)
Work cat.: 2003558772: Igraet Mukhazhir Pshikhachev [SR] 1978:
(davul; a large thong-braced, double-headed cylindrical drum of Turkey and many other countries of the Middle East and South-eastern Europe where it is known by related names, including daouli (Greece), daule (Albania), dohol (Iran), dhol (Armenia), doli (Georgia) and ṭabl turkī (Arab countries). Variants of the name are used for a variety of barrel-shaped double-headed laced drums in many part of South Asia, including ḍhol or duhl (Pakstan), daula (Sri Lanka) and ḍholak (in India and Pakistan))
(doli: double-headed cylindrical drum of Georgia (USSR); related to the Armenian dhol, also entry for dhol, drum of South Asia)
label (dohol)
Mur̄adī, S. The music of Lorestan, Iran [SR] p 1994:
(Doli, dalabandi (Georgia); Dol, dul (Uzbek), doul (Tadzhik); percussion musical instrument, drum)
davul
daule
doli
doul
dhol (Caucasian drum)
dohol
A Caucasian and Middle Eastern double-headed cylindrical drum with laced heads.

di zi
(Di: transverse flute of the Han Chinese; most common variant of name is dizi)
(Ti-tse)
Musique instrumentale classique [SR] p1982
(Transverse flute of the Han Chinese)
ti-tse
dizi

diddley bow
A single-string zither of the rural American South.

didjeridu
(Didjeridu)
Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies
Kaye, P. Play and enjoy the didjeridu of the Australian Aboriginal, 1987.
(Didgeridoo; syn.: Didjeridoo)
didjeridu (Wooden drone pipe played with varying techniques in a number of Australian Aboriginal cultures.)
(Didgeridoo; syn.: Didjeridu)
v. 2, p. 278 (didjeridu)
(Didjeridu, Didgeridoo)
(Didgeridoo; syn.: Didjeridoo, didjeridu, dijiridu)
(didjiridu)
under Australasia (Didjeridoo)
dijiridu
didgeridoo
didjeridoo
digeridoo
An Aboriginal Australian brass instrument.

digital player piano
under Innovations in the piano (Digital technology makes possible a vastly more sensitive and flexible version of the old player piano; for instance, the modern digital player piano can record as well as play. These pianos are often called 'hybrid pianos', as they have characteristics of both acoustic pianos (the piano sound is made by hammers on strings) and digital pianos (record/playback capability, as well as synthesizer and audio sound capability)
Work cat.: 2006577781: Polashek, T., Wood and wire, 2005
recording and reproducing piano
hybrid piano
An acoustic piano with added digital technology allowing for recording and playback of piano performances, as in a player piano.

player piano

dilrubā
insert (dilruba; long-necked, fretted fiddle of N. India & Pakistan; hybrid of a sarangi-like body with a goatskin sound table and a sitar-like neck; played vertically)
Work cat.: Shrivastav, B. The art of the Indian dilruba, 1997:
(dilrubā; long-necked, fretted fiddle, with a skin sound table; of N. India & Pakistan)
p. 336 (dilrubā; larger version of the isrāj, combining the long neck of a sitar with the body of a sāraṅgī, but square rather than small-waisted) p. 979 (N. Indian bowed, unfretted, long-necked lute)
A long-necked, fretted fiddle of Northern India and Pakistan. For the long-necked, fretted fiddle of Bengal, see [esrāj.]

djembe
v. 1, Africa, p. 420 ("a goblet-shaped drum (djembe)")
(djembe (also: jembe, jenbe); a goat skin covered drum shaped like a large goblet and meant to be played with bare hands)
djembe (type of drum played with both bare hands; in widespread use primarily in Mali and Guinea among the Maninka and Susu peoples, and also in neighbouring Senegal, Côte d’Ivoire and Burkina Faso)
jenbe
jembe
An African goat skin goblet drum played with bare hands.

dömbra
(Dömbra, dombira. (1) Two-string long-necked lute of the Kazakhs of Central Asia. The western dombra is pear-shaped and usually has 12 to 14 frets, while the eastern model may have a spade-shaped or triangular body, a shorter neck and five to nine frets. (2) Two-string unfretted lute of semi-nomadic Uzbeks of south-west Uzbekistan, also known as the dumbrak. (3) Two-string fretted lute of the Kalmyk Mongols west of the Volga delta, often used to accompany solo dancing)
(Two-string lute)
dombira
dumbrak
A long-necked two-string plucked lute of Central Asia.

domra
(Domra, long-necked Russian string instrument of the lute family with a round body and three or four metal strings)
A long-necked plucked lute of Russia with a round body and three or four strings.

double bass
Ranjbaran, B. Ballade for unaccompanied contrabass, c1999.
(Double bass (bass, contrabass, stand-up bass, string bass, upright bass): largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument in use; has four or (less often) five strings tuned in 4ths and sounds an octave lower than the cello)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Dec. 19, 2001
bass viol
bass (stringed instrument)
upright bass
stand-up bass
contrabass
string bass

under Reed instrument (reedpipes with a double reed ‘of concussion lamellae’)

reed instrument

membranophone

drum and bugle corps
under Drum and bugle corps (Modern): also known as a drum corps; musical marching unit (similar to a marching band) consisting of brass instruments, percussion instruments, and color guard
under Drum corps (once known as drum and bugle corps), are marching musical groups that perform in parades, at football games, and in competitions. Unlike marching bands, drum corps do not use woodwind instruments and usually have large percussion sections)
corps, drum and bugle
drum corps
A musical marching ensemble consisting of brass instruments, percussion instruments, and color guard, but excluding woodwind instruments.

drum circle
ECIP t.p. (Drum circle) data view (Drum circles are a form of recreational music making, which means that the focus is not on performance but rather on personal or group development and wellness, or just plain fun ... A drum circle can be simply defined as "a group of people working together to create in-the-moment music using drums and percussion instruments.")
Work cat.: 2004013016: Kalani. Together in rhythm, 2004:
Grove Music online ed.;New Harvard dict. of music;Web. 3
(A community music-making event where people sit or stand in a circle while playing world percussion instruments. People play improvised rhythms. Music is created in the moment)
A group of people informally gathered, usually in a circle, who play improvised rhythms on world percussion instruments.

percussion ensemble

drum machine
Work cat.: Crigger, D. How to make your drum machine sound like a drummer, c1987.
Electronic percussion (electronic drum, drum machine, rhythm machine; an electronic instrument that synthesizes percussion sounds or stores and reproduces the sounds of percussion instruments)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Feb. 26, 2002:
drum machine (generic name for a broad range of electronic instruments which combine functions of the synthesizer and the sequencer in a way specially adapted to the generation of polyphonic percussion patterns; rhythm machine, preset rhythm machine, sampling drum machine)
Dobson, R. Dict. of electronic and computer music technology:
electronic percussion
sampling drum machine
electronic drum
preset rhythm machine
rhythm machine
Any of a broad range of electronic instruments that combine the functions of the synthesizer and the sequencer in a way specially adapted to the generation of polyphonic percussion patterns.

drum set
(drum set, drumset)
(drum set (drum kit, trap set); the term used for the basic equipment of the jazz drummer, and hence the related dance band and rock drummers; organized around a nucleus consisting of bass drum, snare drum, and suspended cymbal, with ancillary instruments being added according to the taste of the drummer and the style of music)
(evolved during the last two decades of the 19th century)
Drum set (collection of percussion instruments played by a single player; characteristic of jazz, rock, and other forms of American popular music; typically includes pedal-operated bass drum, snare drum, two or more tom-toms, cymbals, normally including hi-hat.)
traps
drum kit
trap kit
trap set
drumset
A collection of percussion instruments played by a single player, typically consisting of a snare drum, kick drum, tom-toms, hi-hat, and cymbals.

duct flute (Aerophone whose essential feature is a head, partially blocked, leaving a windway or duct to lead the player’s breath to a rigid sharp edge or lip...at the base of the mouth...normally a number of finger-holes, varying from three to six, eight or nine.)
p. 26 (421.2, Flutes with duct or duct flutes; a narrow duct directs the air-stream against the sharp edge of a lateral orifice)
An unspecified wind instrument on which a narrow duct directs the air stream against a sharp edge.

edge-blown instrument

page 25 (421.1, Flutes without duct; the player himself creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with his lips)
An unspecified wind instrument that does not have an air duct, and instead the player creates a ribbon-shaped stream of air with the lips.

duduk (double reed instrument)
Work cat.: 95701276: Sergeĭ Karapeti͡an, duduk, 1983.
duduk (term, derived from the Turkish düdük, used for a family of double-reed instruments of ancient Armenian origin, which became popular in the Caucasus, Middle East, and Central Asia.)
(Duduki, conical oboe of Georgia U.S.S.R., called duduk in Turkish)
(Duduk (i), cylindrical wooden oboe of Armenia and Georgia, also called nay; references to bālabān and mey)
duduki
A double-reed instrument of ancient Armenian origin.

dudy
([Term for] Several types of bagpipe of eastern Europe and the USSR)
under Czech Republic (The most widespread instrument is the dudy (bagpipe), known in Bohemia since the 13th century; under Poland (There are five basic types of bagpipe in Poland, all with single reeds…dudy)
dude
A bagpipe found in Poland and Czech Republic.

dulcian
dulcian (name commonly used for the early bassoon in one piece, as opposed to the later type in joints; should not be confused with Dolzaina.)
(Dulcian (dolcian))
New Grove dictionary of musical instruments
Work cat.: Steinkopf, O. Anleitung für das Musizieren auf Pommern ... c1978.
(dulcian, curtal, dolzioni, dolcian, dolcino, dulzian)
dolcian
dulzian
curtal
dolzoni
dolcino
A Renaissance double-reed in one piece, the predecessor of the modern bassoon.

under Dulcimer (The dulcimer has been know by dozens of different names... Hackbrett, a German term for chopping-board, is the normal name for the instrument among the Germanic peoples)
Grove music online, viewed October 17, 2013:
p. 2 (salterio; salterio chico has 90 strings in groups of 3; salterio grande has 103 strings in groups of 3 and 4)
(dulcimer: a zither sounded by striking rather than plucking)
(dulcimer: name applied to certain instruments of the box zither type with more than one string but without a keyboard)
(the player may hit the strings with hammers or pluck them with the fingers or a plectrum; many scholars reserve the term "dulcimer" for an instrument played with hammers, calling it a "psaltry" when the plucking technique is used: in the USA, where the hammer technique is normal, the term "hammer dulcimer" or "hammered dulcimer" has been coined to avoid confusion with the "Appalachian" or "mountain" dulcimer)
(salterio = Psaltery, dulcimer)
New Grove dict. of musical instruments, Apr. 5, 2007
hammered dulcimer
hammer dulcimer
Hackbrett
salterio
A zither whose strings are sounded by striking with hammers.

dulcimer ensemble
Work cat.: Christmas holidays with Cincinnati Dulcimer Society [SR] 1991.
An ensemble consisting of two or more dulcimers.

dulcitone
(Dulcitone, tuning-fork piano; patented and made by Thos. Machell & Sons, Glasgow)
(dulcitone)
s.v. Tuning-fork instruments (Machell perfected his "dulcitone" in 1880)
insert (Scottish tuning fork piano, built by Thomas Machell at the turn of the century)
Work cat.: 2004586039: Petits songes, p2003:
dulcitone (Kbd. instr. similar to celesta, but with steel tuning forks instead of steel plates.)
tuning fork piano
A tuning fork piano created by Thomas Machell in the late 19th century.

dulzaina
(dulzaina; oboe of Spain and the Basque region (where it is known as a bolingozo))
under Shawm (the Spanish dulzaina (or pito) and the Catalan gralla; smaller shawn-like instruments)
under dolzaina (A shrill folk oboe, the dulzaina, is still in use in Spain)
dolçaina
bolingozo
dultzaina
pito
dolzaina
A double-reed folk instrument of Spain and the Basque region.

dümbelek
under Turkey (The most important musical instruments of the folk tradition are the darbuka (also known as deblek and dümbelek), a single-headed goblet-shaped drum struck with both hands as an accompaniment to dancing...)
(Deblek, syn. of dumbelek in S. Turkey, where it assumes the form of a clay goblet drum with glued head; under Dümbek: syn. of deblek)
(Dümbelek, single-headed goblet drum of Turkey)
(Dumbeg, Syrian single-headed drum)
Work cat.: 50047771: W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collection, 1938-1940
dumbeg
deblek
dümbek
A single-headed goblet drum of Syria and Turkey.

dutār
Work cat.: Tăchmu̇radov, M. Mylly Tăchmu̇radov chali͡ar (dutar) [SR] 1980.
dutar (Term applied to various types of long-necked fretted lute in Central Asia and Iran (in Iran it is usually rendered as ‘dotār’). The name derives from Persian, meaning ‘two strings’, but some kinds of dutār have more than two.)
(the name for various types of long-necked fretted lute of the Middle East and Central Asia; called dotār in Iran)
dotār
Any one of various types of long-neck fretted lutes of the Middle East and Central Asia.

dvorgrle
(Dvogrla, Dvorgrla, double flute)
Work cat.: 50-47771: W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collection, 1938-1940
Croatian whistles for sale: Dvorgrle and Strancica (Both about 12.5in long. Wooden flutes with traditional Croatian Decoration. Dvorgrle is a double flute with 4 holes on one pipe and 3 on the other.)
(Dvogrle, double flute of Herzegovina, with almost double bores, also called svirale)
dvogrle
dvorgrla
dvogrla

p. 458 (421. Edge instruments or flutes: a narrow stream of air is directed against an edge)
Hornbostel, E.M. Classification of musical instruments, in Ethnomusicology : an introduction, 1992:
A woodwind instrument whose sound is created by blowing across an edge.

woodwind instrument

ekón
(Ekón (also ekong), a bell of the Afro-Cuban Abakwá people. See "Banká": a bell used by the Afro-Cuban Abakwá people; made by joining two pieces of shaped iron; striker is commonly a hardwood stick)
p. 5 (a bell made from two pieces of metal, lacking a clapper, struck on the outside) p. 6 (pl. form: los ekones)
Work cat.: 98183670: Ortiz, F. El ekón, c1995:
ekong
banká
A bell made from two pieces of metal, lacking a clapper, and struck on the outside, used by the Afro-Cuban Abakwá people.

ekue
(Ekue, Afro-Cuban single-headed friction drum with a loose (rather than fixed) shaft; always three-legged; a secret instrument used only in esoteric rites of the Náñigos)
Work cat.: 98184040: Ortiz, F. El ékue, c1995.
An Afro-Cuban single-headed friction drum with a loose shaft.

electric cello
electronic instruments (electric cello)
electric cello (a type of cello that relies on electronic amplification (rather than acoustic resonance) to produce sound)
Work cat.: 2005587881: Kiraly, D.Z. Pinocchio [sound recording] p1994.
electronic violoncello
e-cello

(Electric guitar)
p. 7 (electro-acoustic guitar)
Hiscock, M. Make your own electric guitar, c1986.
(electric guitar; There are two main kinds of electric guitar: the hollow-bodied or semi-acoustic; and the solid-bodied, in which the body provides little resonance but simply serves as a mounting-block to accommodate the bridge and the electronic apparatus, and to bear the strings under tension)
Grove music online, viewed October 9, 2013
("While you can use this instrument as an acoustic guitar for a more low-key effect, you can also take advantage of its electric capabilities to really grab someone's attention ... the electro acoustic guitar ... frequently looks like an acoustic, but it has what is called a 'pick up' that allows the musician to plug his instrument into an amplifier. The musician can thus achieve the best of both worlds: he marries the soothing tones of the acoustic with the effects and volume possibilities of the electric.")
Wright, D. Electro acoustic guitar - what's the difference?, via WWW, Nov. 7, 2008
(An electric acoustic guitar is by design an acoustic guitar fitted with pickups, a microphone, or transducers. In Electric-Acoustic Classical Guitars, the transducers and microphones are always used because conventional pickups are not capable of picking up vibrations of materials other than metal ... Usually, electric acoustic guitars are fitted with piezoelectric pickups, and hence require a preamplifier incorporated into the guitar body to amplify the signal before it travels to the main guitar amplifier. These preamps may also come with tone controls of varying types, but usually equalizers with up to six frequency bands are used. They are also referred to it as a "plug-in acoustic guitar", due to their ability to simply "plug in" to a speaker system without the need for microphones)
electroacoustic guitar
acoustic guitar, electric
electric acoustic guitar
electro-acoustic guitar
e-guitar
An acoustic or solid-bodied guitar that is electronically amplified.

electric violin
a violin equipped with an electronic output of its sound. The term most properly refers to an instrument purposely made to be electrified with built-in pickups, usually with a solid body. It can also refer to a violin fitted with an electric pickup of some type, although "amplified violin" or "electro-acoustic violin" are more accurate in that case.
Work cat.: Presenting the electronic violin [VR] c1990:
(electronic violin [6080 hits]; electric violin [28,000 hits])
under Electronic instruments, electroacoustic instruments, string instruments, bowed strings (electric violins have been manufactured by Fender, Zeta Music Systems, Yamaha, and other companies)
electronic violin
e-violin
An acoustic or solid-bodied violin that is electronically amplified.

violin

electronic harpsichord
container (Corale : for guitar, vibraphone, and electronic harpsichord)
MIDI-harpsichord
electric harpsichord
digital harpsichord

t.p. (digital keyboard)
Mark, T.C. What every pianist needs to know about the body, c2003:
CIP introd. (electronic keyboards)
Work cat.: Meisner, G. Instant keyboard, 1987:
Cromble, D. The synthesizer & electronic keyboard handbook, 1984.
keyboard synthesizer
digital keyboard

synthesizer

electronic keyboard ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more electronic keyboards.

electronics

keyboard ensemble

under Electronic instruments (Instruments that incorporate electronic circuitry as an integral part of the sound-generating system)
An instrument that produces sounds by outputting an electric audio signal.

(Electric organ: A term used of certain types of electronic organ that are not fully electronic. It is sometimes applied indiscriminately to all electronic and electric organs, or more accurately to those instruments that include either electroacoustic or electromechanical elements, in order to distinguish them from instruments in which the sound-generating system consists of electronic oscillators with no moving parts. Most precisely it describes only those electroacoustic organs in which, like the electric guitar and electric piano, the acoustic sounds of the vibrating mechanism are reduced and made audible by means of special pickups or transducers; the sound sources have usually been free reeds, as in the reed organ. Until about 1930 the term "electric organ" usually meant a pipe organ in which electricity powered part of the action; such instruments are now referred to as "organs with electric (or "electro-pneumatic") action.")
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Nov. 15, 2002
(orgue électronique; electric organ)
(electric organ: 1. a pipe organ with an electric action. 2. a specialized tract of tissue in which electricity is generated)
(electric organ: electronic organ)
electric organ
An organ that produces sounds only through electronic means, or that has electroacoustical or electromechanical elements.

electronic organ ensemble

electronic piano
(Electronic pianos, based on electronic oscillators, were first manufactured from the 1970s, mainly in Italy; digital pianos were introduced in the early 1980s, originally based on digital synthesis, from around 1986 featuring sampled timbres.)
New Grove dict. of music online ed., WWW site, December 08, 2004
digital piano
electric piano
A piano that produces sounds through digital oscillators or through digital synthesis.

tape (electronics)
Unspecified electronic sounds, either produced live or from a recording.

electronium
(Electronium; Elektronium; a monophonic electronic instrument)
electronium (monophonic electronic keyboard instrument; developed by René Seybold in 1948 and manufactured by Hohner from around 1950)
elektronium

English guitar
(Portuguese guitar)
English guitar (most common present-day name of a type of plucked instrument popular in England from about 1750 to 1810, between the decline of the lute and the arrival of the six-string Spanish guitar (the five-course guitar was not popular in England in the 18th century). In common with the Cittern it has metal frets and a movable bridge over which wire strings pass to pins at the bottom of the ribs, but its other structural features and triadic tuning are distinct)
cetra

English horn
Browne, G. The art of cor anglais, 1996.
(English horn: the tenor of the modern oboe family; Oboe do caccia ... the term has been applied to the tenor oboe (english horn))
(English horn; cor anglais)
tenor oboe
cor anglais

A group that is not named according to number of performers or a more specific medium of performance.

epinette des Vosges
(Epinette des Vosges)
Grand dictionnaire encyclopédique Larousse
under Zither (Simpler zithers have either fretted strings (e.g. Norwegian langeleik, Alsatian épinette des Vosges) "
Work cat.: Baly, J. L'épinette des Vosges, 1982.
(Epinette de Vosges (bûche))
(Epinette des Vosges; syn. of bûche)
bûche
Vosges, epinette des
epinette de Vosges

psaltery

equal voices
(Equal voices: voices of the same type when employed in a polyphonic work)
A chorus in which all the voices parts are for one type of voice.

under Huqin (long round neck of hardwood with two tuning-pegs dorsally mounted at the upper end; lower end is inserted into a hardwood resonator; resonator may be either hexagonal, octagonal or tubular in shape, and one end is covered with the skin of a python (or other snake), glued around the outer edges)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Sept. 14, 2001:
p. 441 (Nan hu, see Er hu)
(erhu (erh-hu) two-string fiddle of the Han Chinese)
(erhu)
Chiang, C. Jiang Jian-hua plays compositions for er-hu and symphony orchestra [SR] p1988
erhu

hu qin

euphonium
euphonium (valved brass instrument of widely conical profile, essentially a tenor tuba in 9′ B. The mouthpiece is cup-shaped and generally somewhat deeper than that preferred by trombonists playing instruments of similar pitch. The instrument was invented by Sommer of Weimar about 1843 as the ‘euphonion’)
The tenor instrument of the tuba family. For the baritone of the saxhorn family see [baritone horn.]

fairground organ
fairground organ (fair organ, showground organ, band organ.Mechanical organ used to provide music for merry-go-rounds and in amusement parks, circuses and skating rinks in Europe and the USA...originated in Europe as an outdoor version of the Orchestrion)
Grove music online web site, Dec. 20, 2004 $b (Fairground organ, fair organ, showground organ, band organ; Dut. draaiorgel; Ger. Kermisorgel)
(fairground organ; band organ)
Work cat.: New Grove dict. of mus. inst.
(fair organ; band organ)
band organ
showground organ
fair organ
A mechanical organ used for outdoor entertainments and circuses.

fêli
(feli; single-headed goblet drum with attached metal rattles of the Kpelle people of Liberia)
Liberia, musical instruments (goblet drum (Kpelle fêli))
documentation (fêli)
Work cat.: Stone, R.M. Liberia, Bong County and Monrovia, Kpelle, 1988:
A single-headed goblet drum with attached metal rattles.

female voice
woman's voice

fiddle
fiddle (generic term for any chordophone played with a bow. It includes all such instruments, whether of art or popular music, and hybrid types which do not conform to any more standardized pattern. Colloquially, ‘fiddle’ is often used for a member of the violin family)

fife
fife (small cylindrical transverse Flute, but with a narrower bore and hence a louder, shriller sound than the flute proper)

fife and drum corps
under USA/Traditional music (Fife has been closely associated with the fiddle since the Revolutionary War, where it was played by local militia units in fife and drum corps)
Work cat.: Duthaler, G. Trommeln und Pfeifen in Basel, c1985.
(under Fife: fife and drum corps; drum and fife bands (British); Fife and Drum Corps of Colonial Williamsburg)
fife and drum band
corps, drum and fife
corps, fife and drum
drum and fife corps

finger cymbals
Work cat.: 94-775379: Isaacson, M. Seraglio, c1993.
(finger cymbals: small cymbals played in pairs, one on the thumb and the other on either the index or middle finger; zil (zile): cymbals of the ancient and modern Islamic world; nowadays finger cymbals played in south-east Europe and Turkey; the Greek term for the instrument is zilia)
Delgado, M.S. Zils, the art of playing finger cymbals, c1977.
zils
zilia

finger snapping
under Latin America, Flamenco, Iraq, Hungary, Brazil, Sound effects, etc.

flageolet
flageolet (kind of Duct flute: the term; appears in French literary sources from the 13th century onwards and seems to have been used for a variety of ‘pastoral’ pipes, including panpipes and reedpipes, the three-holed tabor pipe and other duct flutes that were not true recorders.)
(flageolet: a kind of duct flute)

flaviol
(Flaviol, duct flute, a tabor pipe of Catalonia, played with the left hand. The drum of this pipe and tabor combination is attached to the player's left arm)
p. 19 (Flabiol)
Work cat.: En Quirze Perich, flabiolaire, 1987:
(Flaviol, small flageolet of 1) Andorra and the French Pyrenees and 2) Catalonia and Roussillon. Also called fabiol, flabiol, and fluviol)
(flaviol: alternative spelling of flabiol, the Catalonian tabor pipe)
fluviol
flabiol
fabiol

pipe (musical instrument)

flugelhorn
(usage in English titles: Flügelhorn (5); Flugelhorn (6); Fluegelhorn (6))
flügelhorn (valved brass instrument pitched in B with the same compass as the cornet. It has the conical bore, wide bell and large format of its parent the keyed bugle. The mouthpiece cup is deep, almost funnel-shaped, and a sliding mouthpipe serves as the tuning-slide; plays a leading role in most continental bands as it has done for over a century)
(Flugelhorn, also Fluegelhorn)
(Flügelhorn or Fluegelhorn, also Flugelhorn)
(Flugelhorn, from Ger. Flügelhorn)
(Flügelhorn or Fluegelhorn)

flute (Term used to refer to a vast number of wind instruments, from the modern orchestral woodwind to folk and art instruments of many different cultures. Generically...any instrument having an air column confined in a hollow body – whether tubular or vessel – and activated by a stream of air striking against the edge of an opening, producing what acousticians call an ‘edge tone’)
Boehm flute
concert flute
transverse flute
The flute of European art music. For generic uses of flute see [ductless flute] or [duct flute.]

(Frame drum)
p. 454 (Frame drum)
Hornbostel., E.M. Classification of musical instruments, in Ethnomusicology : an introduction, 1992:
frame drum (Directly struck drum (membranophone) with one or two heads stretched over a frame or hoop.)
A struck drum, with or without handles, in which the depth of the body does not exceed the circumference of the membrane.

p. 458 (free aerophone)
under Aerophone (Aerophones are subdivided into ‘free aerophones’ (e.g. the bullroarer), in which vibrations are set up in a body of air unconfined by the structure of the instrument, and ...)
An aerophone in which the vibrating air is not confined by the instrument.

free reed (family of wind instruments in which a series of reeds are securely attached at one end but move freely at the other; keyboard instruments such as the harmonium, mouth-blown instruments such as the Chinese cheng and Japanese sho, and hand bellows-driven instruments, such as the accordion and concertina)
(free reed: the type of reed used in the accordion, American organ, bandoneon, concertina, harmonica, harmonium, and melodica, and in such East Asian mouth organs as the shō and the sheng)
under Reed (free reeds)
under Free reed (free reed instruments; refs. to accordion, concertina, harmonica, reed organ, khaen, keledi, mouth organ, saenghwang, and shō)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Oct. 1, 2002:
free reed (a reed in a musical wind instrument whose edges do not overlap the edges of the opening over which it is fixed and that is used typically in the harmonium or concertina; contrasted to beating reed)
Work cat.: sn 99009004: The free-reed journal, c1999.
(devoted to fostering and serving as a resource for scholarly research on all aspects--organology, sociology, repertory, performance practice, etc.--of all free-reed instruments, from the harmonium, so popular in India, and mouth-blown sheng family of Southeast Asia, China, and Japan to the western "art-music" repertories for the English concertina and accordion to the many types of "squeezebox" and harmonica as used in myriad folk traditions)
Center for the Study of Free-Reed Instruments WWW site, Oct. 1, 2002
An instrument in which the reeds move freely at one end, not overlapping any opening.

friction drum (membranophone sounded by friction, either direct or indirect) under Drum (The membrane on direct friction drums is rubbed either by the hand, which may be wet or rosined, by a leather ‘plectrum’ or by a stick which passes back and forth through a hole in the membrane. The membrane on indirect friction drums is made to vibrate by friction on a cord or stick in contact with the drumhead.)
Hornbostel., E.M. Classification of musical instruments, in Ethnomusicology : an introduction, 1992.
A drum in which the membrane is made to vibrate through direct or indirect friction.

idiophone

p. 453 under friction idiophones, p. 454 under friction membranophones
An instrument sounded by the use of direct or indirect friction to the instrument itself.

gaita (bagpipe)
gaita (Term used in Iberia, eastern and south-eastern Europe, North Africa and Latin America for an aerophone, usually an oboe or a bagpipe. In Spain, gaita can signify the Duct flute; in the Basque region the terms gaita and dulzaina signify an oboe; in Galicia, Catalonia and parts of the Pyrenees gaita is the term for a bagpipe; in Colombia, the gaita is an end-blown duct flute of the Atlantic coastal region, made from long tubes of a cactus-like plant; NewHarv.: bagpipe of Spain and Portugal)

gaita (pipe)
(In Spain, gaita signifies a duct flute or bagpipes)
p. 15-20 (A duct flute with 3 finger holes called gaita in parts of Spain and Portugal, referred to more generically as flauta pastoril; similar instruments are called flaviol in Catalonia, fobiol in the Balearic Islands, txistu in Vasco-Navarro) p. 29-100 (usually held and fingered with the left hand while the right hand beats a drum (tamboril) strapped to the player's body; the Spanish-Portuguese gaita-tamboril combination is similar to the English pipe and tabor and the French galoubet and tambourin)
Work cat.: 95-123126: La gaita y el tamboril, 1989:
(Term used in Iberia, eastern and south-eastern Europe, North Africa and Latin America for an aerophone, usually an oboe or a bagpipe. In Spain, gaita can signify the Duct flute; in the Basque region the terms gaita and dulzaina signify an oboe; in Galicia, Catalonia and parts of the Pyrenees gaita is the term for a bagpipe; in Colombia, the gaita is an end-blown duct flute of the Atlantic coastal region, made from long tubes of a cactus-like plant; NewHarv.: bagpipe of Spain and Portugal)
flauta pastoril

galoubet
(galoubet: a three-holed pipe of the pipe and tabor ensemble; colloquial variant jombarde)
galoubet (three-holed pipe of the Pipe and tabor ensemble; of Provençal origin)
txistu
jombarde

gambang
v. 39, no. 2, p. 59 (Mrázek, Jan. Xylophones in Thailand and Java: A Comparative Phenomenology of Musical Instruments)
(Gambang; wooden or bamboo xylophone of Indonesia and Malaysia)
A wooden or bamboo xylophone of Malaysia and Indonesia.

gamelan
(ensembles known as gamelans (usually bronze, but sometimes made of other materials), comprising gongs, metallophones, kettle gongs, and drums, unified by their musical structure)
(Various ensembles or orchestras in Java, Bali, Madura and other areas where Javanese and Balinese have settled)
gamelang
An ensemble from Bali, Java, and the surrounding areas consisting of various gongs, metallophones and drums.

gamelan degung
p. 706 (Gamelan degung, the other primary Sundanese gamelan [in addition to gamelan salendro])
Garland encyc. world music. Southeast Asia, 1998:
(Gamelan degung; small ensemble, found only in Sunda; instrumentation for classical repertory includes gong, gong-chimes (jengglong and bonang), metallophones (cempres and peking), kendang, and suling degung; instrumentation for modern repetory may also add kempul, gambang, rebab, two sarong barung, and kacapi siter)

gamelan gong gede
(Indonesia. II: Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. 1. Bali. (iii) Gamelan ensembles. (c) Middle ensembles. Gamelan gong gede ("great gong"). This rare, stately ensemble is closely connected with the temples and old court ceremonies; instruments are enormous, with thick, bronze-keyed metallophones, gong-chimes, ceng-ceng kopyak and huge drums played with mallets; the number of musicians required can reach 50)
p. 744 (Gamelan gong gede; largest of Bali's gamelans; only a few sets remain today. Court gamelans before colonization, most were reforged as gong kebyar to meet the change of Balinese aesthetics during and following colonialism)
gong gede
A large gamelan ensemble associated with Balinese temples and old court ceremonies.

gamelan gong kebyar
p. 745 (Gong kebyar; includes the gong ageng, kempur, and kendang lanang and kendang wadon, a large ten-bar metallophone (giying or penugal), four mid-range (pemade) and four octave-higher (kantilan) gender metallophones; a low-octave pair (or two pairs) of single-octave gender (calung or jublag) play the nuclear melody, and the lowest-octave pair of gender (jegogan) punctuate the nuclear melody at regular intervals; other instruments such as suling and rebab are often included. The reong consists of twelve kettles played by four musicians)
(Indonesia. II: Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. 1. Bali. (iii) Gamelan ensembles. (d) New ensembles. Gamelan gong kebyar. This 20th-century ensemble and musical style developed in north Bali around 1915, when the need arose for instruments that would accommodate virtuoso kotekan at newly increased tempi, with dynamic contrasts and an extended four-octave range (five including the gong). Gong kebyar remains the most popular and ubiquitous ensemble in Bali. Many earlier ensembles were melted down to create gong kebyar with two-octave gangsa to allow for extension of single-octave melodies.)
gong kebyar

gamelan jegog
p. 754 (Gamelan jegog; an ensemble of bamboo xylophones, the smallest of which include 30.5 cm long split bamboo bars, and the largest of which are up to 4 meters long)
(Indonesia. II: Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. 1. Bali. (iii) Gamelan ensembles. (e) Bamboo ensembles. Gamelan jegog. Found only in west Bali, where bamboo grows to an enormous size, each xylophone in this ensemble is made up of eight tubes that may reach three metres in length with a circumference of 60-65 cm; it is struck with mallets and has a powerful, earth-shaking sound. It is tuned to a rare four-tone tuning that may be pelog-derived. Often more than one jegog ensemble play in competition with one another, first alternating and then finally playing together.)
p. 91 (Gamelan jegog; Jegog)
jegog
A gamelan consisting of bamboo xylophones from West Bali.

gamelan joged bumbung
(Indonesia. II: Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. 1. Bali. (iii) Gamelan ensembles. (e) Bamboo ensembles. Gamelan pajogedan. Also referred to as joged bumbung (bamboo dance), this ensemble of bamboo xylophones (rindik) is modelled after palegongan and accompanies a social dance form based on legong dance movements)
p. 754 (pejogedan bumbung, also called gamelan joged; accompanies social dance; consists of tingklik, with kendang, rincik, suling and kempur)
p. 89 (A group of four or more tingkliks with added flutes, drums, and an ersatz gong made by hanging an enormous bamboo key (metal is sometimes used) over a resonator is called gamelan joged bumbung, or gamelan joged.)
pejogedan bumbung
joged bumbung
gamelan pajogedan
A gamelan consisting of four or more tingklik with added flutes, drums and gong, used to accompany social dance.

gamelan semar pegulingan
p. 747 (Gamelan Semar pegulingan; Semar pegulingan; originally a court orchestra; instrumentation includes a fourteen-kettle trompong and several pairs of metallophones, often only diferent sizes of gender, but sometimes high-pitched saron; two kendang, a large kempur, kajar, rebab, and suling; one or more small sets of cymbals and other percussive instruments.)
(Semar pegulingan (predominant form); Semar pagulingan)
(Indonesia. II: Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa. 1. Bali. (iii) Gamelan ensembles. (c) Middle ensembles. Gamelan semar pagulingan. The name of this ensemble (Semar, the god of love sleeping) refers to its original performance context: adjacent to the bedchamber of the nobility and played during love-making. The oldest form of this ensemble, in the seven-tone pelog (saih pitu) tuning, was almost extinct during McPhee's time in the 1930s and has since been revived, but it is still rare. Later semar pagulingan are pentatonic.)
semar pegulingan
semar pagulingan
gamelan semar pagulingan

gao hu
v. 1, p. 717, under erhu (gaohu, high hu, occupies a leading position in the Cantonese ensemble)
under Huqin ("high fiddle," High hu;" Cantonese erhu introduced from Shanghai in the 1920s; same basic construction as erhu but somewhat smaller and usually with a tubular resonator; steel strings)
p. 113 ("high fiddle," also called yue (Cantonese) hu, nan hu; same basic construction as er hu; higher tone than er hu)
yue hu
high hu
gaohu
A string instrument similar to the er hu, but smaller and with a higher tone.

ge hu
under Huqin ("reformed fiddle," four-stringed, from the 1950s; tuned as a cello, cello fingerboard grafted onto a larger tubular resonator)
p. 118 (Ko hu; translation: leather fiddle; based on erh hu and other string instruments)
t.p. (ko hu)
(covered at one end with python skin)
v. 2, p. 31 (gehu: large Chinese four-string fiddle of modern design)
gehu
A large four-stringed Chinese instrument from the 1950s that is tuned like a cello.

gender
(Multi-octave Metallophone of Java and Bali)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 25, 2007
gender (Multi-octave metallophone of Java and Bali)
A multi-octave mallet instrument from Java and Bali.

ghaṭa
(usage: Ghatam)
Work cat.: 95904225: Pālacantrarāju, E. Kaṭam vācikkak kar̲r̲ukkoḷḷuṅkal, 1993
(ghaṭa; ghaṭam; ghaṙā: terms used in South Asia for a waterpot; all occur widely in various musical contexts; as in modern times, primarily Struckpots; historical usage may apply to skin-covered pots, pot-drums or membranophones)
New Grove dict. of musical instruments, 1984
ghaṙā
kaṭam
ghaṭi

ghichak
Work cat.: 93723200: Ata Avlyev, gidzhak [SR] 1986.
(Ghichak (gidzhak, gijak), spike fiddle of northern Afghanistan and the Turkmen, Uzbek, Uighur, Tajik, and Karakalpak peoples of Central Asia)
gidzhak
gijak

glass
container (many types, shapes and sizes of glass are used and manipulated in a variety of ways so as to extract from them their latent sounds)
Lockwood, A. The glass world [SR] p1997:
under Percussion (glass fragments are crushed while others are dropped into a ‘bottle tree’ in Annea Lockwood's Glass Concert (1966) and crockery is smashed in Ligeti's Nouvelles aventures (1962–5))
p. 51 (glass instruments; glass containers as resonators; instrumentarium includes: glass marimbas, glass voice-resonator bowls, glass icicles, glass shepherd flute, silcia shakers)
New Grove dict. of musical instruments, 1984:
A glass of any shape or size manipulated to produce sound.

glass harmonica
musical glasses (Bell-type instruments made of glass or other brittle material that if rubbed in a certain fashion will respond like the strings of a bowed instrument, though with less capacity for nuance; may also be struck, with moderate force, for quasi-plucking and melodic tremolo effects as on a xylophone, a method that prevails in Asia)
under Musical glasses (Musical glasses [armonica; harmonica; glass harmonica]; bell-type instruments made of glass or other brittle material that are rubbed or struck)
musical glasses
harmonica, glass
glasses, musical
armonica

glockenspiel
p. 41 (glockenspiel; used in English for orchestra bells)
(similar instrument used in military and marching bands ... often termed a bell lyra or bell lyre)
glockenspiel (percussion idiophone, a Metallophone with tuned metal bars (usually of steel) of graduated length, arranged in two rows like the piano keyboard)
(orchestra bells, see glockenspiel)
Baines, A. The Oxford companion to musical instruments, 1992
(abbreviation "glock"; American "bells"; the smaller diatonic set of bells known in England as chimes)
bells (glockenspiel)
lyre, bell
orchestra bells
bells, orchestral
bell lyra
chimes (glockenspiel)
bells, orchestra
lyra, bell
bell lyre
glock
orchestral bells

(Goblet drum ... of particular importance in the Islamic world and its vicinity but most of all in the Arab countries)
Work cat.: Akhbari, D. The art of the Persian santur [SR] 1983? p1982.

goge
insert (goge, single string spike fiddle, found throughout West Africa under various names)
(Goge; Goje; Gonje; Godie; single-string fiddle of the savanna area of West Africa)
godie
goje
gonje

(Gong: a percussion instrument of either definite or indefinite pitch in the form of a circular metal plaque)

gonrang
(Gonrang. Main ceremponial instrumental ensemble of the Simulungun Batak people in North Sumatra; accompanies communal ceremonial dancing at funerals and other ceremonies)
p. 607 (Simalungun gonrang ensembles have six or seven drums, or in the gonrang dagang two two-sided drums, an oboe, and four gongs)
Work cat.: 2003530913: Jansen, A. Gonrang Simalungun, struktur dan fungsinya dalam masyarakat Simalungun, 2003.
Indonesia, VI, 2 (Sumatra, Selected musical cultures and regions. (d) Simalungun (two major ceremonial ensembles both use large and small gongs, the double-reed sarunei bolon and optional cymbals, but are distinguished by the number of drums: the gonrang sidua-dua employs two, the gonrang sipitu-pitu (also called gonrang bolon), seven.)

gora
gora (resembles a simple mouth-resonated musical bow, but is sounded by blowing on a piece of quill attached to the string)
Gora (string-wind instrument found only in southern Africa; other spellings: gorah, gorra, goura, gowra, kora, t'goerra, t'gorrah and gom-gom; resembles a simple mouth-resonated musical bow)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Feb. 24, 2003:
(goura: mouth bow of Southern Africa)
gowra
gorah
gorra
gom-gom
t'goerra
t'gorrah

gottuvadyam
v. 2, p. 70 (Goṭṭuvādyam (mahānāṭaka vīṇā) v. 3, p. 734 (9. Fretless vīṇā: Goṭṭuvādyam (block instrument))
label (Gottuvadyam)
94-701082: Ravikiran, N. South Indian ragas [sound recording] p1987:
New Grove online: India, subcontinent of, II, 6, (1) (Table 15: plucked)
under Vīṇā (unfretted lute of Karnatak music;structurally a sarasvatī vīṇā without frets, but, uniquely for a southern classical instrument, it has from 7 to 13 sympathetic strings, which run from their pegs (set in the distal side of the neck) through and along the fingerboard under the main strings.)
block instrument
mahanataka vina

vina

gralla
under Gaita (alternative name for an oboe elsewhere known as chirimía or gralla (in Catalan)); under Spain/Traditional and Popular music (in some areas of the country the gaita is a conical wind instrument with a double reed, known also by the names of dolçaina or gralla; under Shawm (The Spanish dulzaina (or pito) and the Catalan gralla, smaller shawm-like instruments, were apparently developed independently and in a rural context)
(Gralla (instrument); also known as grall de pastor, xaramita, xirimita; traditional Catalan double reed instrument in the oboe family)
(Gralla, oboe of Catalonia, it is similar to the dulzaina)
p. 7 (La gralla)
xirimita
xaramita
grall de pastor
A small shawm-like double-reed instrument from Catalonia and Spain.

great bass recorder

guan
Work cat.: 92-752895: Min tsu yüeh chʻi chʻuan tʻung tu tsou hsuan chi. Kuan tzu chuan chi, 1985.
(Kuan)
guan (Double-reed pipe of the Han Chinese; used in ceremonial ensembles throughout northern China. The present-day guan (measuring from about 18 to about 23 cm) is made of a short tube of wood, with seven frontal finger-holes, one (or sometimes two) thumb-holes and a large double reed (with about 3 cm protruding from the mouth of the instrument) held in shape by a wrapping of copper wire)
(Guan (Kuan); also called guanzi, bili; oboe of the Han Chinese)
guanzi
bili
guan zi
kuan tzu

gŭdulka
(Gadulka: Fiddle of Bulgaria)
tsigulka
gamlka
kopanka
kemene
gadulka
gjold

guiro
Güiro (classified as a scraped idiophone)
p. 6 (in Cuba the terms "guayo," "güiro," and "calabazo" are generally used to refer to the same instrument) p. 9 (a dried, peduncular gourd with parallel incisions across its width over which a scraper is passed to produce sound; in eastern Cuba, this is also called a ralladera (often confused with the metal instrument called the rallo))
Work cat.: 98187539: Ortiz, F. El guayo o la ralladera, la quijada, c1995:
(guayo: metal scraper of Cuba and the Dominican Republic; in Cuba it has been largely replaced by the gourd scraper, also known as guayo (or güiro); a cow horn incised with marks may also be used as a guayo; güiro: scraper of the Caribbean, Panama, and South America; in Cuba it is also known as guayo or rascador; also applied to the atcheré, a large rattle with external strikers)
(guiro, pl. guiro, (AmerSp güiro), a percussion instrument of Latin American origin made of a serrated gourd and played by scraping a stick along its surface)
rascador
guayo
ralladera
calabazo

scraped idiophone

(Guitar; at string instrument of the lute family, plucked or strummed, and normally with frets along the fingerboard; other names given: acoustic guitar, classical guitar, flat-top guitar; close variations include the flamenco guitar, which is lighter weight and has the strings closer to the frets and the arched-top guitar, altered to produce more volume)
Grove music online, viewed October 31, 2013
flamenco guitar
flat-top guitar
arched-top guitar
acoustic guitar
Spanish guitar
classical guitar

guitar ensemble
guitar orchestra
An ensemble consisting of two or more guitars.

plucked instrument ensemble

guitarra portuguesa
(Guitarra portuguesa, a modern folk descendant of the guitarra (Port.); a long-necked lute, related to the Spanish bandurria)
under Portugal (The guitarra, also called guitarra portuguesa, is a local adaptation of the ‘English guitar’, which was introduced to Portugal in the second half of the 18th century by the British colony in Oporto)
guitar, Portuguese
Portuguese guitar

guitarrón
(Guitarrón mexicano; "a very large, deep-bodied Mexican 6-string acoustic bass played traditionally in mariachi groups. Although similar to the guitar, it is not a derivative of that instrument, but was independently developed from the sixteenth-century Spanish bajo de uña... The guitarrón is fretless with heavy gauge strings, most commonly nylon for the high three and metal for the low three. ")
Guitar, p. 106 (Mexican guitarrón is large 4-string bass guitar)
under Guitar (The modern Mexican guitarrón is a large six-string bass guitar, tuned A′–D–G–c–e–a (19th-century versions usually had four or five strings)
94-701771: Vela, J.A. The guitarrón book, 1990.
guitarrón mexicano

gunibrī
label (Les maitres du guembri = the masters of guimbri)
v. 2, p. 86 (Guinbri; large plucked lute with one to three strings of North Africa; various spellings listed in article)
under Morocco (gunibrī (a three-string semi-spiked lute with a hollowed-out, teardrop-shaped body)
notes (guenbrit)
Ballets et troubadours du pays Chleu [SR] 196-:
notes (guinbri)
Music of Islam and Sufism in Morocco [SR] 197-:
notes (Gnawi lute goes by a variety of names, including sintir, hejhuj, and gogo)
gnbri
guenbrit
gumbri
gombri
gunbri
hejhuj
guimbri
gogo (lute)
gmbri
gimbri
guembri
sintir
guinbri
A plucked lute with one to three strings from North Africa.

gusle
(Gusle, single-string fiddle of Yugoslavia)
gusle (Single-string bowed lute of south-eastern Europe. The root of the term exists in all Slavonic languages denoting various types of chordophone. Also: One- or two-string fiddle of the Balkan countries, used to accompany epic songs.)
(Gusla)
(Gusle, bowed chordophone of Yugoslavia)
gusla
A single-string bowed lute of Southeastern Europe. For the psaltery from Russia see [gusli.]

gusli
(Husli)
gusli (The term has had a variety of meanings, primarily designating three different kinds of psaltery found in Russia, namely: (1) the gusli shlemovidnïye (‘helmet-shaped’ gusli); (2) the gusli krïlovidnïye (‘wing-shaped’ gusli) and (3) the gusli pryamougol′nïye (‘straight-sided’ gusli).)
(gusli: a psaltery (box zither) made from thin strips of wood in the form of a rounded-off trapezoid with concave flanks)
husli
A psaltery from Russia. For the single-string bowed lute of Southeastern Europe see [gusle.]

haegŭm
(in some documentary sources also known as hyegum; two-string spike fiddle of Korea; neck of bamboo or wood, tubular soundbox of large bamboo root or hardwood; bow of bamboo with loose horsehair)
hyegum

hand clapping
clapping, hand

handbell
handbell (bell with a handle (shaft or loop), held in the hand for ringing. Usually it has a clapper inside and is swung to produce a sound, although it may also be held stationary and tapped with a hammer)
(Handbell (Fr. clochette, sonnette; Ger. Tischglocke, Handglocke; It. campanello a mano; Sp. campanilla, esquila); A bell with a handle (shaft or loop), held in the hand for ringing. Usually it has a clapper inside and is swung to produce a sound, although it may also be held stationary and tapped with a hammer)
New Grove dict. mus., 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 30, 2001
A bell with a handle held in the hand for ringing.

handbell choir
handbell choir(s) (ca. 25,000 hits) handbell team(s) (ca. 200 hits)
under Acoustics (there are a estimated 40,000 handbell choirs in the USA alone) under Handbell (Western handbell music is usually performed by a "team" or "choir" of four to 15 "ringers")
New Grove Dict. of Mus. online, June 13, 2003:
handbell team
An ensemble consisting of two or more handbells.

handchimes
(Handchime; musical instrument rung by hand, similar to handbells; usually tuned square tubes with an external clapper mechanism)
(Handchime)
Work cat.: Bunting, L.C. Introduction to handchimes, c1984.
A chime, usually in the shape of a square tube, with an external clapper that is rung by hand.

An unspecified plucked string instrument of the Sachs-Hornbostel classification. For the fretted plucked-string instrument popular in 16th-18th century Europe see [lute.]

Hardanger fiddle
v. 8, p. 411 (hardingfele; an elaborately ornamented violin with four or five sympathetic strings running beneath the fingerboard)
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, 2001:
(Hardanger fiddle [Harding fiddle]; a folk violin of Western Norway, generally having 4 strings above the fingerboard and 4 or 5 wire sympathetic strings below)
Grovemusic online, viewed November 11, 2013
hardingfele
Harding fiddle
A traditional violin of Western Norway with four or five sympathetic strings running beneath the fingerboard.

harmonic canon
(a plucked box zither invented by Harry Partch; has 44 or 88 strings and movable bridges)
t.p. (harmonic canon)
Work cat.: 99-386016: Drummond, D. Before the last laugh, c1995:
A plucked box zither with 44 or 88 strings invented by Harry Partch.

harmonica
harmonica (Name given at different times to various mus. instrs. Today its prin. meaning is the mouth-organ, a small wind instr. invented in 1830s with metal reeds, one to each note, which is held against the lips and moved from side to side according to the note desired. The term also meant mus. glasses)
mouth harmonica

mouth organ

harmonica ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more harmonicas.

harp (Generic name for chordophones in which, as defined in the classification system by Hornbostel and Sachs, the plane of the strings is perpendicular to the soundboard.)
An unspecified chordophone in which the plane of strings is perpendicular to the soundboard. For the modern Western pedal harp, use [pedal harp.]

harp ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more harps.

harp guitar
(harp guitar; a guitar-based stringed instrument; a guitar, in any of its accepted forms, with any number of additional unstopped strings that can accommodate individual plucking)
A guitar with any number of additional unstopped strings that can accommodate individual plucking.

harp-lute
under Harp-lute (1) (generic term formerly used for a group of West African instruments of which the best known is the Mandinka Kora; they have now been reclassified as Bridge harps) under Bridge harp (these instruments were classified as harp-lutes by Hornbostel and Sachs, but as the neck performs no other function than that of string-holder, and they conform in other respects to the definition of harp, the name 'bridge harp' was proposed for them by Roderic Knight in the 1970s)
(Harp-lute (ii). A generic term for certain types of guitar that developed in England between 1798 and 1828, all slightly shorter than the conventional guitar and characterized by a soundbox 38-45 cm x 33-40 cm x 8-15 cm with a vaulted back. Harp-lute (i) A term used by Hornbostel and Sachs in their system of musical instrument classification for a family of West African chordophones because of their superficial similarity to the Western lute (see Chordophone). In fact they share more characteristics of the harp than the lute)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 29, 2007
(Swedish lute double guitar)
Work cat.: W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collection, 1939-1940
(harp-lute; A generic term for certain types of guitar that developed in England between 1798 and 1828, all slightly shorter than the conventional guitar and characterized by a soundbox 38–45 cm × 33–40 cm × 8–15 cm with a vaulted back)
p. 23 (323. harp lutes; the plane of the strings lies at right angles to the soundtable; a line joining the lower ends of the strings would be perpendicular to the neck; notched bridge)
bridge harp
An unspecified instrument in the Sachs-Hornbostel harp-lute category.

harp-lute guitar
(under Harp-lute (ii): Edward Light devised a harp-lute-guitar, with a theorbo-like second pegbox and 11 strings tuned B♭-e♭-f-g-a♭-b♭-c'-d'-e♭'-g' b♭' and notated a major 6th higher. The four lowest strings were unfretted)
guitar, harp-lute
Any one of the family of instruments invented by Edward Light in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that combined aspects of the guitar or lute with an extended harp-styled neck that held extra strings.

harp-piano
harp-piano (Instrument in the shape of a harp, fitted with a keyboard action)
A harp-shaped instrument fitted with a keyboard.

harp zither
harp zither (1. A type of zither without a fingerboard, manufactured from the late 19th century onwards and found mostly in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the USA. Variants include the ‘mandolin guitar zither’ or ‘mandolin harp zither’, which has double stringing. 2. variant of the modern fretted zither that has a pillar between the wrest plank and the body)
Work cat.: MacArthur, M. Lessons for the MacArthur harp and for all numerical harp zithers, 1986.
Harp zither ([guitar zither] (1) A type of zither without a fingerboard, manufactured from the late 19th century onwards and found mostly in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the USA. Variants include the "mandolin guitar zither" or "mandolin harp zither," which has double stringing; (2) A variant of the modern fretted zither that has a pillar between the wrest plank and the body.) Under Zither harp: see Harp zither. Under Mandolin harp: (A chord zither with melody strings arranged in pairs rather than singly; it is also known as "mandolin zither" or "mandolin guitar zither". See Harp zither)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Dec. 2, 2005:
under guitar zither (redirected from zither harp; guitar zither (also a chord zither or fretless zither); musical instrument consisting of a sound-box with two sets of unstopped strings. One set of strings is tune to the diatonic, chromatic, or partially chromatic scale and the other set is tune to make the various chords in the principal key of the melody strings)
mandolin harp zither
MacArthur harp
chord zither
mandolin zither
zither harp
fretless zither
mandolin guitar zither
guitar zither
A fretless zither with two sets of strings, one tuned to a scale and the other to complete the chords in the key of the melody strings.

harpola
Instructor for Schoennut's harpola, marvellous musical toy, 1906.

(Harpsichord: a stringed keyboard instrument, classified by Hornbostel and Sachs as a box zither; distinguished from the clavichord and the piano by the fact that its strings are plucked rather than struck, and characterized by an elongated wing shape like that of a grand piano; also used as a generic term to include not only the wing-shaped instrument but also other forms such as the clavicytherium, spinet, and virginal)
(Harpsichord (Dutch: klavecimbel; Fr.: clavecin; Ger.: Cembalo, Flūgel, Kielflūgel; It.: cembalo, clavicembalo; Lat., clavicymbalum; Port.: cravo; Sp.: clavicordio))
spinet (harpsichord)
cembalo

harpsichord ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more solo harpsichords.

steel guitar
p. 365 (Steel guitar; this Hawaiian guitar (kīkā kila) is played by using a sliding steel bar (kīkā: guitar; kila: steel), instead of the fingers, in stopping or pressing the strings against the frets to produce the desired notes or tones.)
Kanahele, G.S. Hawaiian music and musicians, c1979:
under Hawaiian guitar (lap steel guitar; steel guitar)
(steel guitar; pedal steel guitar)
(Hawaiian guitar (steel guitar))
p. 231-232, under Hawaiian music (Hawaiian steel guitar; steel guitar; Hawaiian guitar)
Hawaiian guitar
kīkā kila
Hawaiian steel guitar

head rapping
rapping, head

heckelphone
heckelphone (double-reed instrument with a wide conical bore and large tone holes;also:wide-bore bass oboe with a spherical bell, devised by the bassoon makers Heckel in 1904 and sounding an octave below the standard oboe (extended to A))
A double-reed instrument with a wide bore and spherical bell sounding an octave below the oboe.

helicon
(Helicon: a valved brass instrument made in the same pitches as the military band brass basses in F, E♭ and B♭ but in circular form)
(type of bass tuba distinguished from other members of the tuba family by its circular shape)
New Grove dict. of jazz WWW site, Dec. 2, 2005
A valved brass instrument of the tuba family distinguished by its circular shape, allowing the performer to rest the weight of the instrument on his shoulder.

tuba

heliphon
Press (heliphon robot, a MIDI-controlled double-helix-shaped xylophone that plays by striking metal keys with solenoids)
Christine Southworth WWW site, July 19, 2007:
Arts, June 24, 2007 (heliphon: 8-foot-high double-helixed robotic xylophone with a two-octave range and keys that light up as it plays)
New Haven Register WWW site, July 19, 2007:
t.p. (for violin, clarinet in B-flat and heliphon) t.p. verso (Heliphon, a robotic instrument designed and built by Leila Hassan and Giles Hall as part of the Ensemble Robot project)
Work cat.: Ziporyn, Evan. Belle Labs, c2006:
A MIDI-controlled xylophone in the shape of a double helix played by striking the keys with solenoids.

hichiriki
(Hichiriki; a Japanese oboe; bamboo body with reverse conical bore and 7 finger holes and two thumbholes; performed in gagaku (court music) and native court vocal genres)
Grove music online, viewed Nov. 22, 2013
A Japanese oboe made of bamboo and with a reverse conical bore.

A high-register voice that is not otherwise specified.

horn
LCCN 2003437247: Lütgen, W.A. Quartett für vier Waldhörner, op. 19, c1998.
(Hunting horn: see Horn)
Grove music online WWW site, Feb. 26, 2004
French horn
hunting horn
An orchestral valved or valveless French horn. For an unspecified valveless horn see [natural horn.]

hourglass drum (directly struck drum (membranophone) in hourglass shape)
p. 454 (211.24. Hourglass-shaped drums: the diameter is mailer at the middle than at the ends--found in Asia, Melanesia and East Africa)
Hornbostel, E.M. Classification of musical instruments. In Ethnomusicology: an Introduction, ed. H. Myers, London, 1992) :
A struck drum with a body that is smaller in diameter in the middle than at the ends.

hu hu
Tung, W. Chin chü hu hu yen tsou fa, 1981.
(string instrument similar to ban hu but larger; used to accompany Shanxi opera)
(hu chʻin with coconut body, wooden soundboard, lateral pegs)

p. 163 (generic name for bowed strings today; two general types: ones with wooden sounding board and ones with a skin-covered resonator)
(Generic term for Chinese fiddle, literally 'barbarian string instrument'. The majority of Chinese fiddles are two-string instruments with the bow hair inserted between the strings, but three- and four-string variants are also found. Varieties of huqin are employed in many genres of Chinese music, including opera, regional ensembles and the 'national music' orchestra.)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Sept. 14, 2001
huqin
A generic term for a Chinese spike fiddle, usually with two strings, but sometimes three or four.

huang zhong
(in Chinese music theory, a fundamental note of absolute pitch represented by a bamboo pipe of specific length; huang zhong not mentioned as a musical instrument)
(huang chung; bamboo flute of China, known since pre-Christian times; orig. a standard of pitch)

hurdy-gurdy
Under Lyra ii (term used for various instruments, most often string instruments; Virdung used the term for the hurdy-gurdy)
vielle à roue
vielle
organistrum
An instrument in which a crank-turned rosined wheel vibrates the strings, whose pitches are manipulated on a keyboard or buttons.

hydraulic barrel organ
New Grove dict. mus. instr.;Marcuse. Mus. instr.;New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, May 12, 2009
(Caus, Isaac de. New and Rare Inventions of Water-Works Shewing the Easiest waies to Raise Water Higher then the Spring. London, 1659)

water organ

ichigenkin
(ichigen-kin: single-string long zither of Japan. It is occasionally called hankin)
ichigen-kin
hankin

(idiophone; general term for musical instruments that produce their sound by setting up vibrations in the substance of the instrument itself)
Grove music online, viewed November 16, 2013
An unspecified or undetermined instrument that produces sound through vibration of the instrument itself.

imzad
under Rabāb (type of rabāb, single-string fiddle with a high bridge and a curved neck which does not pierce the soundbox but passes under the skin over the rim of the gourd) under Libya (also inzad, amzad; monochord; sometimes known as the rabāba though the two-stringed Arab rabāb does not seem to be played in Libya) under Niger (single-string bowed lute) under Algeria (one-string round fiddle) under Tuareg music (also anzad, anzhad)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Nov. 14, 2003:
rabāba (imzad)
amzad
anzhad
anzad
inzad
A single-string rubāb with a high bridge a curved neck.

rubāb

indirectly struck idiophone
p. 452 (indirectly struck idiophone: the player himself does not go through the movement of striking; percussion results indirectly through some other movements of the player)
An unspecified or undetermined idiophone in which the percussion is produced indirectly, such as by shaking or scraping the instrument.

unspecified instrument
musical instrument
Any unspecified or undetermined solo instrument.

Irish harp
v. 1, p. 406 (Clàrsach; Scottish Gaelic term for the Celtic (or Irish) harp, cognate with the Irish cláirseach)
(Since 1819 the term Irish harp has been applied to various small, lightly built, gut-strung harps used in solo and ensemble performances of Irish and other Celtic-derived music.)
Heymann, A. Secrets of the Gaelic harp, c1989.
Celtic harp
Welsh harp
Scottish harp
Gaelic harp
Use for a variety of small, gut-string harps used in Celtic or Celtic-derived music.

iwabue
(iwabue; small ... flutes of stone)
De Ferranti, H. Japanese musical instruments, 2000
(iwabue)
p. 20 (ishibue)
(iwabue; ishibue; stone flute; stone whistle)
(iwabue,or stone flute)
Power of Sound and Word WWW site Nov. 15, 2006
Grove Music Online WWW site Nov. 15, 2006;Sachs, C. Real-Lexikon der Musikinstrumente, 1962;Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, c1975;New Grove. dict. of musical instruments;Malm, W.P. Traditional Japanese music and musical instrument, 2000
stone whistle
ishibue
stone flute

jaltarang
label (jaltarang)
Biswas, H. Flute & jaltarang duet [SR] 196-?:
v. 5, p. 332 (The jaltarang 'water waves' is a set of porcelain bowls filled with different levels of water and played by striking the edges with bamboo sticks. Mentioned in Indian musical texts from at least the seventeenth century, the instrument had a minor presence in court music and some currency as an art instrument in the late nineteenth)
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, 2001 :
under India (jaltarang (set of tuned, water-filled bowls))
Grovemusic web site, viewed Nov. 16, 2011:
glossary (jaltarangam, also jaltarang)
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music online, viewed May 25, 2012:
jaltarangam
jal tarang
A set of bowls tuned by filling them with different levels of water, struck with bamboo sticks.

jawbone
(Jawbone)
p. 21 (quijada; sometimes called "quijada de burro"; the lower jawbone of a horse, mule, or burro with all its teeth; may be struck, rattled, or rubbed)
98-187539: Ortiz, F. El guayo or la ralladera, la quijada, c1995:
under Mento (indigenous Jamaican folk form) Polynesia, Colombia, Nicaragua, Chile, Europe)
(quijada; an idiophone of Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. The quijada de burro is found also in Matanzas Province, Cuba.)
under Rattle: jawbone.
jaw bone
quijada
quijada de burro
musical jaw bone
A jawbone used as an idiophone that may be struck, rattled, or rubbed.

Jew's harp
Jew's harp (generic term for a type of mouth-resonated instrument consisting of a flexible tongue, or lamella, fixed at one end to a surrounding frame)
khomus
jaw's harp
genggong
jaw harp
trump

plucked idiophone

jhāñjh
v. 5, p. 982 (jhāñjh; pair of cymbals; idiophone consisting of four wooden frames with small cymbals, two held in each hand)
documentation (jhāñjh)
Work cat.: Wolf, R.K. India and Pakistan, 1991-1998:
(jhānjha; the "clashing" cymbals of India, which go back to pre-Islamic times; made of thin bronze with a wide, flat rim and central boss, connected pairwise by a cord)
(jhānjh, (jhāni, jhānj, jhān-jhān); term for various large cymbals of India)
jhān-jhān
jhāni
jhānj
jhānjha

jin qian ban
(Chinese clapper used in storytelling; consists of 3 unattached pieces of wood)
Work cat.: Tsou, C. Chin chʻien pan piao yen yü hsieh tso, c1985

jing hu
(Jinghu (Ching-hu); 2-string fiddle of the Han Chinese, sometimes called huqin (hu-chʻin), though this term more properly refers to Chinese string instruments in general)
under Huqin (best known higher-pitched fiddle; "capital fiddle," used primarily in Beijing opera; neck and resonator constructed of bamboo; silk strings)
p. 199 (two-string instrument commonly known as hu qin; used to accompany Peking opera)
jinghu

jouhikko
Work cat.: 93-718905: Nieminen, R. Jouhikko, 1984.
under Finland (The jouhikko or jouhikannel is a two-, three- or four-string bowed lyre that reached Finland from Scandinavia and is related, inter alia, to the Welsh Crwth. Its body is hollowed out from the front and is fitted with a soundboard, with a hole for the hand at one end to enable the melody string of the instrument to be stopped with the knuckles)
A Finnish bowed lyre with two to four strings.

jug
under Jug band (the player making buzzing sounds with the lips and the jug acting as a resonator)

jug band
An instrumental ensemble consisting of one or more jugs used as bass wind instruments that arose among African Americans in the early 20th century as popular entertainment for medicine shows and picnics.

kacapi (plucked lute)
Work cat.: 96942293: Hasan, S. Kecapi Bugis Makassar, 1994/1995, i.e. 1995.
(kacapi [kacaping] (ii): boat-shaped plucked lute used in the Buginese and Makassar areas of the province of South Sulawesi and on the island of Sumba, Indonesia; kacapi (i): plucked box zither used in Sundanese areas of West Java)
kacaping
kecapi
A boat-shaped plucked lute from Indonesia.

kacapi (zither)
(kacapi (i): plucked box zither used in Sundanese areas of West Java; kacapi [kacaping] (ii): boat-shaped plucked lute used in the Buginese and Makassar areas of the province of South Sulawesi and on the island of Sumba, Indonesia)
Work cat.: 88945122: Urang duaan [SR] 1978.
kecapi (zither)
A plucked box zither from the Sundanese areas of West Java.

kagurabue
Work cat.: Loeb, D. Yūkyō : for kagurabue, 1985.
(Kagurabue: Japanese transverse flute, with six fingerholes, used in Shinto court music and in some local Shinto shrine music; also called yamatobue; similar to Ryuteki, but longer and thinner and tuned a whole tone lower)
v. 9, p. 514, under Japan (kagurabue; a special long, soft-toned flute with seven finger-holes)
New Grove dict. of music and musicians, c1980:
yamatobue

kamānche
(Kamāncheh (kʻaman, kamancha, kamache, kamanja, kʻemanchʻa, kemanche, kemence); kemençe in Turkey; kemençe of the eastern Black Sea coastal region is sometimes called the karadeniz kemençesi ("Black Sea fiddle"))
p. 12 (the typical instrument of the Black Sea region, the "Black Sea kemençe" (Karadeniz kemençesi) is a saz 50-60 cm long with a long and narrow body, 3-4 strings and a bow. It has no connection with the saz named the "Istanbul kemençesi," the "fasıl kemençesi," or the "kemençe-i rumi" (apparently different names for a single instrument))
Duman, M. Kemençemin telleri : Karadeniz kemencesi, kemenceciler ve Türküleri, 2004:
Work cat.: Aroustamian, A. Le kamancheh d'Arménie [SR] p1982.
(American Folklife Center)
p. 44 (the pear-shaped rebec or lyra is now known in Turkey as the kamānc̲h̲a)
Evliya Çelebi. Turkish instruments of music in the seventeenth century, 1976:
(A kemenche is a kind of rebec or fiddle from the Black Sea region of Asia Minor also known as the "Kementche of Laz" in Turkey. In Greece and the Pontian Greek diaspora it is known as the "Pontian lyra"; Pontic kemenche; Pontic lyra)
(Kamānche, spike fiddle of Iran and the Caucasus; Armenia: k'amancha; Azerbaijan and Georgia: kemanche)
p. 296 (Kemençe, kemendze, çemençe (= Black Sea fiddle); the compound name commonly used away from the Black Sea coastal area: Karadeniz kemençesi (= Black Sea fiddle) does not exist in folk use; gemendze)
Picken, L. Folk musical instruments of Turkey, 1975:
(Kāmanja; also kyamancha, Armenian fiddle)
(Kemancha)
kāmanja
Pontian lyra
kamantcha
karadeniz kemençesi
fiddle, Black Sea
k'amancha
kʻaman
kemenche
kamancheh
kemancha
kementche
kyamancha
kemanche
kemendze
Pontic kemenche
Black Sea fiddle
kemençe
çemençe
gemendze
Black Sea kemençe
Pontic lyra
A spike fiddle of the Black Sea region, Pontic Greece, and Iran.

kamele ngoni
insert (kamale ngoni; recently invented instrument of the Wassolou region of Mali; related to the kora and descended from the three-stringed ngoni douzou (hunter's ngoni))
Work cat: Kamale Ngoni (Musical group). Kéléa, p1995:
p. 420 (kamele ngoni; six-stringed harp of the Wassoulou)
under Mali (Table 1:Ethnic group, Wasolu; harp, kamalen ngoni)
kamale ngoni
A six-stringed harp of the Wassolou region of Mali.

kañjirā
(frame drum of South India)
cover (Kañcirā)
Work cat.: 94907673: Pālacantrarāju, E. Mirutaṅkam & kañjirā vācikkak kar̲r̲ukkoḷḷuṅkaḷ:
(Kañjīrā; Kanjeera)
kañcirā
kanjeera

Baltic psaltery
under Lithuania/Traditional music/Instruments (a type of plucked zither) under Kantele (Finnish version of a psaltery played throughout the eastern Baltic Sea region, collectively known as "Baltic psalteries". The various names of the instruments are etymologically related. In Finnish they are called kantele or kannel, in Estonian kannel, in Karelian kandele, in Latvian kokle or kuokle and in Lithuanian kankles.)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Feb. 21, 2003:
kantele
kannel
kanklės
kokle

kaval
Kaval (Wooden rim-blown flute of south-eastern Europe and Turkey, similar to the Ney of the Arab world)
Work cat.: 85153960: Draganski, S. Kavalŭt sviri, govori, 1985.
(Caval; qawūl)
(Kaval; kavali; kavall)
kavall
qawūl
kavali
caval
A rim-blown flute of Southeastern Europe and Turkey.

kayagŭm
(Korean 12-string plucked long zither)
(Kaya Kum)
(Kayako)
1979 Chʾang ak hoe chakpʾum chip [SR] 1979
(kayagŭm; Korean 12-string plucked long zither; often called kayago)
(gayagŭm solo)
kayakum
gayagŭm
kayako
kayakko
kayago
kaya kum

kazoo
(kazoo [bazoo, bazooka, gazooka, gazoota]; a simple mirliton that amplifies the human voice while imparting a buzzing, rasping quality to it)
(kazoo; An instrument that imparts a rasping, buzzing quality to the human voice; the term is sometimes used generically of all mirlitons or singing membranes)
Oxford companion to music online, November 17, 2013
tommy talker
gazooka
eunuch flute
zarah
bazoo
bazooka
gazoota
gazoo

singing membrane

kei
p. 50 (gong slabs called keu)

kemanak
v. 4, p. 935 (banana shaped metal idiophone of Java and Cirebon) p. 642 (instruments in gamelan performance... Rarer, but essential for certain pieces, is the pair of banana-shaped idiophones known as kemanak)
(kenmanak (kenawak); idiophone of the Sundanese areas of West Java)
kemanak (Idiophone of Central Java, played in pairs)
kenawak
A banana-shaped metal idiophone of Java that is usually used in pairs.

keyboard controller
Suppl. I (MIDI keyboard controller; keyboard controller)
Davis, D. Computer applications in music:
under Controller (In electronic instruments, the device that transmits the player’s actions, via electrical connections, to relevant parts of the instrument’s sound generating and shaping circuitry. Usually the controller is a keyboard...Because acoustic keyboard instruments invariably involve a similar degree of operation by remote control, their keyboards may also be designated as controllers.)
Work cat.: Machover, T. Towards the center, 1989.

MIDI controller

Google search, May 18, 2007 (keyboard stringed instruments; string keyboard instruments)
(Instruments sounded by means of a keyboard, especially the piano, organ, harpsichord, and clavichord. The term is often used in the context of music composed before the late18th century, some of which does not distinguish among the different types then in use.)
keyboard stringed instrument
stringed keyboard instrument
string keyboard instrument
An unspecified or unidentified keyboard instrument.

keyed bugle
(keyed bugle, key bugle, Kent bugle, Royal kent bugle, Kent horn; a conical, wide-bore soprano brass instrument with sideholes controlled by keys similar to those found on woodwind instruments. It is the precursor of the modern flugelhorn. In the Hornbostel-Sachs system it is classified as a trumpet)
New Grove, 2nd ed., WWW site, May 31, 2001
Work cat.: Eliason, R.E. Keyed bugles of the United States, 1972: p. 5 (keyed bugles are soprano brass instruments with side holes and keys like a clarinet or saxophone; variously called the Royal Kent Bugle, patent Kent Bugle, or keyed bugle)
Dudgeon, R.T. The keyed bugler's companion ... keyed bugle, 1987.
royal Kent bugle
Kent horn
Kent bugle

keyed fiddle
(Nyckelharpa; nyckelgiga; schlüsselfidel: a keyed fiddle used throughout Scandinavia and in North Germany for popular dance and festive music. Known as lökkelje in Norway)
under Nyckelharpa (bowed chordophone with a key mechanism, formerly known in England as ‘keyed fiddle’; as far as can be ascertained, first existed in Scandinavia; has survived until modern times within a small area of Sweden centred around the province of Uppland)
nyckelharpa
nyckelgiga
Schlüsselfidel
lökkelje
key fiddle
Schlüsselfiedel

keyed trumpet
p. 3 (The keys cover tone-holes and when opened they raise the pitch.)
Work cat.: Dahlqvist, R. The keyed trumpet ... 1975:
(A trumpet, generally with two double bends held in a horizontal plane. In the type developed by the Austrian trumpeter Anton Weidinger, the keys are brought together on one side of the instrument so as to be operated by one hand only; the other hand merely holds the instrument. Austrian specimens are usually fingered with the left hand, Italian ones with the right. The keys cover soundholes, and when opened raise the pitch. Haydn's Trumpet concerto in E♭ was written for Weidinger.)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, May 31, 2001

trumpet

khǣn
(Bamboo free-reed mouth organ of Laos and north-east Thailand)
khen
khène
kaen

khim
(The khim (pronounced "kim," with a rising tone, in Thai) is a hammered dulcimer from Thailand and Cambodia. It is made of wood and trapezoidal in shape, with numerous brass strings. It is played with two flexible bamboo sticks and is used as both a solo and ensemble instrument. The instrument was introduced to Thailand and Cambodia from China, where a similar (though usually larger) instrument is called yangqin; the khim produces a significantly softer sound. Traditional khim have two bridges, though in the late 20th century some players began using larger instruments with more bridges.)
(Khim, see kim; Kim (Southern Thailand) a hammered dulcimer with three strings per course similar to the Chinese yang chin. Both have Arabic origins; Kim (Vietnam), see nguyeät; Nguyeät (Vietnam) also called the kìm, a guitar-like instrument with a long neck, which emits muted sounds, having 2 strings made of silk braid)
Dolmetsch online music dictionary, Aug. 2, 2006
(under Dulcimer nomenclature: The Mandarin Chinese term Yangqin ("foreign string instrument") is the commonest one in the orient, and it has also been borrowed in Indian Sanskrit. The term used in Mongolia is yoochin; in Korea yanggŭm; among the Central Asian Uighurs yenjing; in Thailand khim. Like European dulcimers, these usually have long bridges (chessmen only occasionally), vertical tuning-pins and an acute angle of about 60 degrees.)
kim (dulcimer)
A hammered dulcimer of Laos and Thailand that is similar to, but smaller than, the yang qin.

khlui
khlui (Bamboo duct flute of Thailand; seven fingerholes (six on the khlui ū) and a thumbhole at the back; the duct is also on the back.)
(Khlui: bamboo duct flute of Thailand)
(Khlui; Khlùi)
A bamboo duct flute from Thailand with six or seven finger holes and a thumb hole.

khō̜ng wong
(Khō̜ng wong; Kháw-ng wong)
under Khō̜ng (khō̜ng wong; circles of gongs)
v. 4, p. 935 (khawng wong lek: smaller circle of sixteen bossed gongs from Thailand; khawng wong yai: larger circle of eighteen bossed gongs from Thailand; khong vong: Lao series of bossed gongs on circular rattan frame)
under Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic):two circular gong-chimes, khong vong nyai (lower) and khong vong noi (higher))
kháw-ng wong
khong vong
A group of bossed gongs set on a circular frame.

khrū̜ang sāi
(khrū̜ang sāi; indoor inst. ens. of Thailand comprising string inst., perc., and a flute)
(khrư̄angsāi; khrư̄ang sāi)
v. 4, p. 935 (khrū̜ang sāi: Thai court entertainment ensemble of strings and flute)
under Thailand, Kingdom of (many kinds of ensembles...khrū̧ang sāi (strings, percussion and flute))
khrư̄angsāi
A instrumental ensemble consisting of strings and a flute and used in the Thai court.

klō̜ng ǣ
(Klǭng ǣ; Glaw-ng æ)
under Klō̜ng (a much larger version of the klō̜ng yāo is the klō̜ng ǣ; used mainly in Buddhist temples in the northern provinces of Thailand)
(Goblet drum (klong ae)); Marcuse, under Klong (Thai: drum)
glaw-ng æ
A large Thai drum used in Buddhist temples.

klō̜ng yāo
(Klō̜ng yāo; Glaw-ng yao)
(klong yao: a long drum used in Thailand. It is generally slung over the shoulder and played with the hands. It has a wooden body and a drumhead made from water buffalo skin, and is usually decorated with a colorful skirt. It is played in many festival parades in Thailand)
under Klong (Klō̜ng yāo is a single-headed goblet drum)
glaw-ng yao
A Thai drum played with the hands and used in festival parades.

kōauau
(Kooauau [kōauau]; open-tube flute of the Māori people of New Zealand, 12 to 15 cm. long, bore of 1 to 2 cm., 3 finger holes, some made of wood, others of bone)
(kōauau flute)
Māori musical instruments - taonga puoro (a kōauau (flute) can be used to summon spirits for healing, or to make people laugh)
Te Ara The encyclopedia of New Zealand WWW site, viewed on July 19, 2022:
Work cat.: He nguru, he kōauau : a user's guide to Māori flutes, 1996.
kooauau
A flute of the Māori people of New Zealand.

taonga puoro

kob
documentation (kob)
Grovemusic WWW site;New Grove dict. of musical instruments;Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, 1975
v. 5, p. 984 (kob; Kota curved brass horn)

kobza
(kobza: plucked lute of the Ukraine, now obsolete)
under Zither (in Czechoslovakia the zither name is ‘kobza’, which in Romania denotes a true lute); under Canada (Other traditional instruments, such as the lira (hurdy gurdy), kobza (plucked lute), mandolin and violin all remain part of the Ukranian Canadian tradition); under Ukraine (Common traditional instruments include: the kobza (lute));under Europe (In Romania... the usual accompaniment to the fiddle was the kobza, a short-necked lute with bent-back pegbox, with the kobza providing a rhythmic framework.)
kobsa

koḷ
(kōl (koul); oboe of the Kota people of the Nilgiri Hills, south India)
documentation (koḷ)
Work cat.: Wolf, R. K. India and Pakistan, 1991-1998:
v. 5, p. 984 (koḷ; Kota double-reed aerophone with conical bore)
koul
A double-reed instrument of the Kota people of India.

kŏmunʼgo
container verso (Gomungo san-jo = Improvisation à la cithare gomungo)
Musique instrumentale de la tradition classique, 1988:
(Kŏmunʼgo; Korean six-string, fretted, plucked long zither; in Chinese-character texts it is referred to as hyŏnʾgŭm; used in court and folk ensembles and in the solo genre sanjo)
p. 187 (kum or komunko; Korean fretted long zither)
Song, B. The sanjo tradition of Korean kŏmunʼgo music, c1986.
(Komunko)
hyŏnʼgŭm
gomungo
kum
A six-stringed fretted, plucked, zither of Korea.

komuz
program notes, p. 20 (the komuz is a long-necked lute ... without frets ... three strings)
Work cat.: Kirghizes et Kazakhs [SR] p1997:
(komuz; unfretted three-stringed lute of the Kirghiz people of Central Asia)
A long-necked, unfretted, three-stringed lute of the Kirghiz people of Central Asia.

kong hou
t.p. (k'ung hou; kong hou [in rom.])
Work cat.: 98463085: Kʻung hou tʻien ti, 1996:
(Konghou; K'ung-hou; generic term for various historical Chinese string instruments, usually translated as 'harp')
under China (konghou harp; Chinese ‘horizontal’ konghou (which was a zither in appearance if not in name)) under Harp/Asia (vertically held angular harp; dominant type remained the light angular type which in China (called konghou) reached the zenith of its popularity during the Sui and Tang dynasties (581–907))
konghou

kopuz
under Ottoman music (Iranian ensemble…kopuz lutes); under Bağlama (By the 11th century, a long-necked lute similar to the bağlama, called kopuz, was the favoured instrument of the minstrel poets (ozan) of the Oğuz Turkish tribes of south-west Asia)
Work cat.: 93-954971: Ramazan Güngör ve üç telli kopuzu, 1993.
(kopuz (qopuz, qupuz), long-necked lute, dating from the 11th cent., played by the Oğuz Turkish tribes of south Central Asia)
qopuz
qupuz

kora
(Kora: a 21 string plucked harp-lute)
kora (large 21-string bridge-harp played by the male jali or jeli, professional musician of the Mande people of The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Mali)
A 21-string harp-lute of the Mende people of West Africa.

koto
Koto (Japanese long zither, one of the family of East Asian zithers that includes the Chinese zheng, the Korean Kayagŭm and the Vietnamese Đàn tranh.)
(Japanese long zither...the modern instrument has 13 silk or nylon strings of equal length and thickness, stretched with equal tension over 13 movable bridges)
New Grove dict. of music WWW site, Sept. 4, 2009

koto ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more koto.

kotsuzumi
under Japan/Theatre music (two hourglass hand drums (tsuzumi), the larger ōtsuzumi (also ōkawa) and the smaller kotsuzumi)
ko tsuzumi
An hourglass drum used in Japanese theater.

krar
under Lyre (the bowl lyre (known in Amhara today as the krar; strings are attached to yoke with tuning levers) under Eritrea (Songs are accompanied by the krar, a six-string lyre plucked with or without a plectrum) under Ethiopia (Ethiopia has a plethora of lyres... function as an accompaniment of songs praising love and beauty)
A six-string bowl lyre from Ethiopia and Eritrea.

kulintang
Kulintang (gulintangan, klentangan, kolintang, kurntangan, etc.; gong-chime of the Philippines, Indonesia and other parts of South-east Asia; term used also for an ensemble of gongs, drums and other percussion instruments in which the kulintang gong-chime is the main constituent)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Sept. 20, 2001:
kolintang (gong-chime)
gulintangan
klentangan
kwintangan

kulintang ensemble
under Kulintang, 2nd section of article (Kulintang ensemble, consists of kulintang as melody instrument, the other instruments consisting of suspended gongs, drums, and other percussion)
A Filipino ensemble consisting of two sets of kulintang and a drum.

kurai
(Kurai, vertical flute of the Bashkir of the U.S.S.R., conical, tapering to the lower end, with 4 front fingerholes and a rear thumbhole; the player hums a drone while he plays; 60-70 cm. (24-28 in.) long)
(Kurai [kuray]; long end-blown flute of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples, USSR; the player maintains a strong fundamental hum under the flute melody, a style found among widely separated peoples such as Baluchi in Iran and Afganistan and certain east Europeans (for instance, Romanians); among the Bashkirs, the kurai is one of the few surviving folk instruments)
Work cat.: 2010495991: Ăth͡hăm quraĭy, 2009.
kuray
qurai
An end-blown flute of the Bashkir and Tatar peoples.

lambeg drum
2001536495: Schiller, R. The lambeg and the bodhrán, 2001.
(Lambeg drum: large double-headed drum associated with the Ulster Orange Order, traditionally used for accompanying fife tunes in Orange processions. Among the many myths about its origin is one that it was introduced by Duke Schomberg's troops at the time of the Battle of the Boyne (1690). However, its name probably derives from the first use of such a drum at a demonstration about 1894 in the village of Lambeg, near Belfast. The "Lambeg," as it is colloquially known, is beaten with bamboo canes: earlier drums were smaller and beaten with boxwood drumsticks)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 14, 2002
A large double-headed drum associated with the Orange Order in Northern Ireland and traditionally used in parades.

langeleik
notes inserted (langeleik belongs to the family of box zithers)
(Fretted Norwegian box zither)

launeddas
(launeddas)
(launeddas: triple idioglot clarinet of southern Sardinia)
(also called lionéddas, leunéddas, bisònas, enas, aenas, benas, triédda, truédda, truvédda, sonus de canna)
99-385803: Lai, L. Metodo per launéddas, c1996
sonus de canna
leunéddas
lionéddas
aenas
truédda
enas
bisònas
benas
truvédda
triédda
A polyphonic single-reed instrument with three pipes that originated in Southern Sardinia.

lead singer
Oxford music online, accessed Oct. 14, 2013;Oxford English dictionary WWW site, accessed Oct. 14, 2013
lead vocalist
A performer who sings the main solo vocal portions of a popular song, often as part of a band.

leaf
under Micronesia (rolled-leaf oboe that most Micronesians now consider a toy); under Polynesia (children's amusements such as whistles (kī), the leaf whizzer (pinao) and leaf oboe (pū))
Ecuador (Soul vine shaman... includes multiple excerpts of solo violin, bird-bone flute, leaf-bundle shaking, plus whistling...)
leaf bundle
leaves
One or more leaves from a tree or other plant that produce sound, usually through vibration (aerophone) or rattling (shaken idiophone).

ligawka
p. 278 (folk instrument ligawka (or legawka), an aerophone with mouthpiece, from Mazowsze and Podlasie in Eastern Poland; used by shepherds and as a signal for timber transporting barges; primarily associated with Advent when it was played in the village each morning and evening, and in church during Mass, especially on Christmas Day)
Work cat.: 2004453357: Dahlig, Piotr. Muzyka Adwentu, 2003:
(Ligawka [ligawa] wooden trumpet of the Mazowsze Region of Poland; 1-5 meters long slightly conical wooden tube either straight or slightly curved; played with funnel-shaped mouthpiece; similar instruments in Poland include bazuna and trombita)
ligawa
legawka
A wooden aerophone from the Mazowsze region of Poland.

limbe
(Limbe; Classical Mongolian Lingbu; Tibetan Gling-bu; Mongolian side-blown flute; traditionally played by males in Eastern Mongol groups [Mongolia & China (Inner Mongolia, Liaoning Sheng, Heilongjiang Sheng, Jilin Sheng)]; consists of a tube with a stopped upper end and may have 6 to 12 holes; traditionally made from reed or metal; contemporary instruments may be plastic; during the Communist period a tuner, facilitating a European scale when twisted, was added between the body and the endpiece.)
p. 4, etc. (Limbė; Mongolian transverse flute; name derived from Tibetan [Gliṅ-bu]; related to ancient Chinese hengchui or hengdi, today's di or dizi, and the Indian bansuri; 3 sizes: ikh limbė; dund limbė; zhizhig limbė) cover (Lingbu [in Mongolian script])
lingbu
gliṅ-bu
gling-bu
A side-blown flute that originated in China and Mongolia.

lira (short-necked fiddle)
(Lyra; lira)
Lyra ii (short-necked fiddle of Greece; pear-shaped, bipartite, carved out of a single block of hardwood and a belly made of a separate piece of coniferous wood; usually made by the player in whatever size desired); under Italy II/6: the lyra...found almost uniquely among the Greek-descended communities of southern Calabria)
p. 47 (La lira calabrese e un cordofono ad arco a tre corde, di piccole dimensione; è generalamente ricavata; da un unico masselo di legno)
Work cat.: 95150400: Plastino, G. Lira : uno strumento musicale tradizionale calabrese), 1994:
lyra (short-necked fiddle)

lira da braccio
lyra ii (term used for various instruments, most often string instruments; 'lyra' and 'lira' in medieval and Renaissance writings designated various string instruments (for instance Lira da braccio, Lirone and Lyra viol))
New Grove dict. of music online, Sept. 14, 2001:
(other names used in the 16th cent.: lira, lira moderna, lira da spalla, lira di sette corde)
Work cat.: 94009019: Jones, S.S. The lira da braccio, c1995
(lira da braccio; bowed str. inst., late 15th-16th cent.)
lira da braccio (In its fully developed form, not documented before the late 15th century, the lira da braccio had a body shaped like a violin, but with a wide fingerboard, a relatively flat bridge and a leaf-shaped pegbox with frontal pegs. It normally had seven strings, five on the fingerboard and two off-board drones.)
(lira da braccio; Renaissance bowed str. inst.)
lira di sette corde
lira moderna
lyra (lira da braccio)
lira da spalla

lirica
(Liriča, liritza, a three-stringed bowed lyre)
image of Lirica (three-string bowed chordophone)
(Lirica)
(Lirica, three-string fiddle of Croatia)
liritza

lirone
(lira da gamba, a bass counterpart to the lira da braccio, played between the knees like a viol, was developed in the 16th century)
2002399275: David, I. Die sechzehn Saiten der italienischen Lira da gamba, c1999.
(Lirone (lira da gamba, lira in gamba, lyra de gamba, gran lira, lira grande, lirone perfetto, lyra perfecta, lira doppia, arciviolata, arciviolatalira, arcivioladaslyras, lyrone, lyra, lira): a larger relative of the lira da braccio, in use from approximately 1500 to 1700, primarily in Italy)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 28, 2002
lira da gamba
arciviolatalira
lirone perfetto
lira grande
arciviolata
lira (lirone)
lira doppia
lira in gamba
arcivioladaslyras
lyra (lirone)
gran lira
lyra de gamba
lyrone
lyra perfecta

lithophone
(lithophone: a sounding stone or series of resonant stone slabs or plaques)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, July 13, 2004
(lithophone: a stone or set of stones that produces musical sounds on being struck; the stones are either laid on a frame or hung from cords; they are tuned by carving)
A stone or a set of stones that is struck to produce sound.

liu qin
(liu chʻin; ill. has 4 strings)
Work cat.: 86124515: Liu chʻin yen sou fa, c1977
(liuye qin; abbreviated liuqin; small lute of the Han Chinese; may have 2-4 strings)

live electronics
under Stockhausen, Karlheinz (use of electronic equipment in concert to modify the sound of amplified instruments)

lõõtspill
(lõõtspill: accordion of Estonia; introduced at end of 19th cent.)
(examples pictured have button keyboards)
Work cat.: 97170979: Teinbas, T. Lõõtspillidest, lõõtspillimängust ja -mängijatest, 1994

lu sheng
Marcuse;Chung-kuo yin yüeh tzʻu tien, 1984
Work cat.: 92-756708: Lei-shan lu sheng chʻü hsüan chi, 1981.
The Hmong in Laos, northern Thailand, and southern China use a mouth organ with six tubes (gng or geej), five with a single free reed, one with three (lu sheng).
(Lu sheng; mouth organ of tribal sub-cultures of SW China; also inaccurately referred to as liu sheng; Lao name: kæng)
liu sheng
kæng

luo gu
(1. gong and drum; deafening sound of gongs and drums. 2. traditional percussion instruments. 3. ensemble of such instruments with gongs and drums playing the main part)
Han Ying tzʻu tien = A Chinese-English dictionary, 1979
CIP, p. 15 (The Chinese call their percussion ensemble luogu)
Work cat.: The lion's roar, 1993, c1992:
under China/Instrumental music/Ensemble traditions (More marginal parts of the modern Chinese classification are luogu (gong-and-drum) percussion ensembles and xiansuo string ensembles)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 26, 2007:
CIP, p. 15 (luogu music)
luo gu ensemble

lur
(lur: trumpet dating from the late Nordic Bronze Age, the term "lur" was used in Scandinavia for bark and wooden trumpets played by herdsmen, until late in the 19th cent.)
lur (A highly distinctive lip-vibrated instrument dating from the late Nordic Bronze Age (it is classified as an aerophone: trumpet). It consists of a conical tube, some 2 to 3 metres in length, made of several sections joined by bands and twisted into the shape of a contorted ‘S’. At the speaking end in place of a bell is a bronze disc ornamented with geometric figures.)

(plucked chordophone, made of wood, of Middle Eastern origin which flourished throughout Europe from medieval times to the 18th century. Under Lyra ii: Tinctoris referred to the lute as "lyra")
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 30, 2007
A fretted plucked-string instrument with a pear-shaped body that was popular in 16th-18th century Europe. For other lute-type instruments, see [plucked lute] and [bowed lute.]

lute ensemble
lute consort
An ensemble consisting of two or more European lutes, often of different sizes.

luthéal
(a type of prepared piano called for by Ravel in two works of the 1920's)
(modified grand piano with parallel (not overstrung) strings, fitted with a mechanism which caused a ‘pièce de touche’ or buffer to come down on the strings, thereby producing sounds of a very individual timbre. The device was named ‘jeu de harpe tirée’ by its inventor, the Belgian organ builder Georges Cloetens)
main menu (Piano luthéal; the luthéal was invented in 1922 by the Belgian, George Cloetens; it is a mechanism built into a grand piano which enables the performer to change the timbre by pulling out stops; Ravel called for this instrument in Tzigane; includes additional history and description of the sound altering mechanism)
Internet, URL //let.kub.nl/mousebit, May 1, 2000:
t.p. verso (a drawing shows a grand piano shape with draw knob levers (the same as an organ console). Levers 1 and 4 are labeled luth and levers 2 and 3 are labeled clavecin. Levers 2 and 4 may also be pulled out in "half" position. Normal piano sound results when none of the levers are pulled out)
Work cat.: 00297708: Werkman, A. Pièce pour violon et piano-luthéal, 1997, c1999:
piano luthéal

prepared piano

lyra viol
lyra viol (small bass Viol popular in England during the 17th century)
viola bastarda
lyro-viol

viol

Under Lyra i (the lyre of ancient Greece) under Lyra ii (term used for various instruments most often string instruments; "lyra" and "lira" in medieval and Renaissance writings designated various string instruments as well as the ancient Greek lyra)
lyre (string instrument whose strings are attached to a yoke which lies in the same plane as the soundtable (unlike a harp, whose strings lie on a plane at right angles to the soundtable) and consists of two arms and a crossbar; most lyres are plucked.)
An unspecified string instrument whose strings are attached to a yoke that lies in the same plane as the soundtable.

lyre-guitar
(A plucked, guitar-like string instrument with a sound box shaped in the image of the ancient Greek lyre. It is classified in the Hornbostel-Sachs system as a chordophone; under Guitar/7. Variants of the classical guitar: 19th-century variant; had two curved arms (recalling the Ancient Greek lyre) in place of the upper bout)
lyre-guitar (Its popularity grew in mid-18th-century France; with the general expansion of French influence during the Napoleonic era it spread to Italy, Germany, Russia, Sweden and, to a lesser degree, to Spain, England and the United States.)

mādal
(mādala)
Work cat.: 99937803: Vidyārthī, K.S. 'Birsieko saṃskr̥ti'--pherī doharyāauṃ, 1997
v. 5, p. 703, under Nepal (mādal; double-headed cylindrical drum) p. 734, under Orissa (the large, sonorous mādal drum, often used by the Santals, accompanies dalkhai and rasarkeli songs) p. 862, under West Bengal and Bangladesh (cylindrical drum (mādal); usually accompanies jhumur songs and dances of the Santals)
(mādal (mā̃dal, madal): double-headed drum of eastern India and Nepal; although primarily a tribal instrument, it is used to accompany song and dance by Hindu villagers in border areas, such as the chau dance of Purulia district, West Bengal, and the dalkhai and rasarkali songs of Sambalpur, Orissa; in Nepal, the instrument is of variable size, held horizontally, and struck with the hands; used to accompany secular song and dance)
mādala

mahōrī
(Classical instrumental ensemble of Thailand. It combines melodic and rhythmic percussion with string and wind instruments; Kauffman, W. Sel.mus.terms of non-Western cultures: Thailand, Cambodia. Ensemble of lutes, xylophones, gongs, drums, vertical flutes, and a group of string instruments.)
(Mahōrī; inst. ens. of Thailand, combining melodic and rhythmic percussion and string and wind insts.)
(Mahōrī)
An instrumental ensemble originating in Thailand that combines melodic and rhythmic percussion, string, and wind instruments.

mallet controller
Suppl. I (MIDI mallet controller; MIDI xylophone controller)
(MIDI mallet percussion controller)
xylophone controller
An electronic instrument that simulates the sound of a mallet instrument.

percussion controller

mallet ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more different mallet instruments of any type.

under Mallet (Keyboard percussion instruments such as the vibraphone, marimba and xylophone are today normally spoken of collectively as ‘mallet instruments’)
under Mallet (Keyboard percussion instruments such as the vibraphone, marimba and xylophone are today normally spoken of collectively as "mallet instruments")
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, May 5, 2005:
under Metallophone (generic term for percussion instruments that consist of a series of tuned metal bars arranged in a single or double row)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Nov. 2, 2007:
mallet percussions
keyboard percussion instrument
An unspecified mallet instrument of any type.

mandola
under Mandolin (Any of several types of small, pear-shaped, fretted string instruments plucked with a plectrum, quill or the fingers...Two types were predominant by the mid-18th century: the older mandolino or mandola (often called the Milanese mandolin from the mid-19th century onwards))
mandorre
mandolino
mandore
mandora

mandolin
LCCN 47034202: Leone, Mr. A complete introduction to the art of playing the mandoline, 1785.
(plucked chordophone with a fingerboard and a rounded body)
mandoline

mandolin ensemble
mandolin orchestra
An ensemble consisting of two or more instruments of the mandolin family.

mandoloncello
(MT612: Mandoloncello)
under Mandolin (Mandoloncello (mandocello), a mandolin tuned like a cello, designed to play in mandolin quartets and orchestras.)
New Grove dict. mus., 2nd ed. WWW site, May. 31, 2001:
under Mandolin (mandocello, a bass, tuned an octave below the alto, C,G,d,a)
p. 64 (mandoloncello, part of the classical mandolin quartet) p. 206 (mandoloncello: often called simply the mandocello; tuned like a cello; found in mandolin orchestras)
Sparks, Paul. The classical mandolin, 1995:
(mando-cello)
Bickford, Myron A. The Bickford method for mando-cello, c1913
(mandocello)
Modern Mandolin Quartet. Pan-American journeys [SR] p1993
mando-cello
mandocello

maraca
(maraca)
Maracas (classified as vessel rattles in Hornbostel Sachs)
(maracas)

marching band
marching band (company of instrumental musicians performing outdoors for the purpose of entertainment and sometimes in competition. Instrumentation typically includes brass, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.)

marimba
marimba (Term for a group of idiophones, some of which are plucked (lamellophones) and some of which are struck (xylophones). In parts of eastern and southern Africa, it may denote either type of instrument; in Latin America, mostly used for the calabash-resonated xylophone introduced from Africa; in 19th-century Brazil it also applied to calabash-resonated lamellophones of African origin; in Colombia it is used generically to denote any melodic instruments other than aerophones. The name is now almost universally applied to the commercially manufactured, fully resonated orchestral xylophone developed from Latin American models; NewHarv.: xylophone with resonators under each bar; originally an African instrument; spread to Latin American and remains popular in Mexico and Central America, especially Guatemala, where it is considered the national instrument.)
marimbaphone

marimba ensemble
Work cat.: 2007563325: Harder, L. Circus plenus clamor ingens ianuae tensae, c2004.

marovany (box zither)
Work cat.: 96-703631: Le marovany de Madagascar, p1995.
Marovany (a type of box zither; also used for valiha)

mbira
(mbira: term used, sometimes in the generic sense, for several types of African lamellaphone or for the keys of such instruments; sanza (sandza, sansa): term for lamellaphones of Zaïre and neighboring territories; many musicologists have used sanza as a generic term for all African lamellaphones; lamellaphone: term for an instrument whose sound is produced essentially by the vibration of thin lamellae or tongues of metal, wood, or other material; various European terms have been applied to this essentially African instrument, for example, thumb piano, hand piano, linguaphone, and sanza; some common African names are mbira, kalimba, likembe, and sansi or kisaanj)
Kubik, G. Kalimba, Nsansi, Mbira : Lamellophone in Afrika, c1998.
CIP data (instrument called kututeng in Sierra Leone, known elsewhere in Africa as mbira)
95049962: Ottenberg, S. Seeing with music, 1996:
p. i (African hand piano) p. 1 (mbila, kalimba)
Nelson, K.E. The African hand piano, c1987:
marimba (mbira)
nsansi
African hand piano
kisaanj
kututeng
hand piano
likembe
thumb piano
sansi
kalimba
lamellophone
sansa
marímbula
linguaphone
sandza
hand piano, African
mbila
lamellaphone

mechanical instrument (the sound is produced automatically, usually without a performer, although some instruments involve a degree of human participation)
Automatic instrument (also automatophone)
automatophone
automatic instrument
automatic musical instrument
An unspecified instrument whose sound is produced fully or partially through automated means.

under Mechanical instruments.
under types of mechanical organs (mechanical organ; automatic organ)
Bach, C.P.E. Stücke für Spieluhren & Drehorgeln, 1984.
automatic organ

under Mechanical instruments
Grove music online, accessed Oct. 15, 2013:

piano

mechanical singing-bird box
jkt. (began life in the 1780s as a rich nobleman's toy and later became an affordable commercial article, consists of a rectangular box made of base metal, precious metal or tortoiseshell with an oval decorated lid. When the lid is lifted a miniature mechanical bird stands upright and produces an unbroken stream of birdsong. At the end of its performance the bird falls back into the box and the lid closes.) p. 13 ('tabatière', meaning 'snuffbox', has come to be used for any small decorative box resembling a snuffbox in form but not necessarily any longer used to contain snuff. Here, it distinguished the small singing-bird box from the larger cage-bird automata.)
Work cat.: Mayson, G.T. Mechanical singing-bird tabatières, 2000:
p. 249 (Mechanical singing bird)
A collector's guide to antiques, 1997;Penguin dict. of decorative arts
tabatière, mechanical singing-bird
singing-bird box, mechanical
mechanical singing-bird tabatière

music box

megaphone
under Voice modifier (acoustic device that alters the sound of the human voice, typically by amplification, distortion, or changing its apparent location; may be grouped into four categories according to the manner in which the voice interacts with the device: ...focused without obstruction (tubes, megaphones))
A device used to amplify other media in the performance of a musical work.

melodeon (button-key accordion)
melodeon (term extensively used in the USA during the first half of the 19th century to designate a small reed organ with a single keyboard and one or two sets of reeds; NewHarv: small, suction-operated reed organ of the first half of the 19th century.)

melodica
melodica (keyboard harmonica manufactured in soprano and alto versions by Hohner in Trossingen from 1958; the name Melodica is nowadays used generically. The instrument, which has 19th-century counterparts such as the harmonicor, is rectangular and has a mouthpiece at the upper end)
(Keyboard harmonica)
scaletta

melody flute
(Educo Early Melody Flute: Perfect for toddlers and preschoolers who love musical instruments but do not yet have the fine motor skills to play more complex ones)

melody instrument
under Bass (a melody instrument (cello, double bass, viola da gamba, bassoon etc.))
An unspecified instrument on which more than one note can be played.

meloharp
(various vols., each for an instrument with a different number of keys for producing different chords, all instruments with 28 strings; strummed with a pick)
Schearer, G.B. Self instructor for the meloharp - Selbst Unterricht für die Meloharp, c1895
(other models not built to play chords)

(membranophone; general term for musical instruments that produce their sound by setting up vibrations in a stretched membrane; subdivided into those which are struck, those which are sounded by friction and those which resonate in sympathy with some other sound (‘singing membranes’))
Grove music online, accessed Oct. 16, 2013
An unspecified instrument whose sound is produced via vibrations of a stretched membrane.

men's chorus
(men's chorus; Männerchor; a choir consisting of men who sing with either a tenor or bass voice)
Wikipedia WWW site, viewed October 11, 2013
(Männenchor; a chorus of male singers in the German tradition)
Grove music online, viewed October 11, 2013
Männerchor
A chorus identified as comprising adult male voices. For a chorus comprising adult voices of unspecified gender singing lower ranges (tenor, baritone, and/or bass), use [tenor bass chorus.]

tenor bass chorus

mendzan
under Xylophone/Africa: Fixed-key xylophones/With multiple calabashes (Type 3, with quadrilateral frame): Groups of four or five different sizes of these xylophones are part of the mendzan ensemble in Cameroon and Gabon)
(Mendzan, mendzang, mendjan, menjyang: Xylophone of the Beti people at Yaoundé in Cameroon and of the Fang/Pahuin peoples in southern Cameroon and northern Gabon)
mendzang
mendjan

menzan
menjyang
meta-harp
(played with a pick; 3 bass chords, F, G, C ("guitar") and 15 scalewise strings, C-c'; played in conjunction with an image of a keyboard [not shown])
unk84094155: Self-instruction for playing and tuning the meta-harp, 19--:
mey
(Mey; also called nay; cylindrical oboe of Turkey; less strident than the zurna; references to bālabān and duduk (oboe))
under Turkey (short oboe (mey) with a dark sound, originally played only in north-eastern Turkey) under Iran (The bālābān of Azerbaijan and Kurdistan (also called nerme ney and mey) is a cylindrical pipe of about 30 cm, played with circular breathing.)
(Mey; also called nāy; woodwind instrument of Erzerum and environs, Turkey)
Karahasanoğlu Ata, S. Mey ve metodu, 1995.
nay (oboe)
mezzo-soprano voice
Work cat.: 91-141444: Rubboli, D. Gianna Pederzini, 1989.
(A voice, intermediate in pitch between contralto and soprano. It is usually written for in the range a to f♯″ and may be extended at either end, particularly in solo writing. Non-vocal uses of the term derive from a similar use of range; for example, the C-clef identified as mezzo-soprano, with c′ on the second line up, defines a staff whose range is a to b′. In regard to voices, the term may apply historically both to women and men (castratos or countertenors), although more commonly it refers only to women. The distinction between soprano and mezzo-soprano (or ‘mezzo’) became common only towards the end of the 18th century)
mezzo-soprano (singer)
Suppl. 1 (MIDI controllers)
Work cat.: Davis, D. Computer applications in music:
mime
(mime artist)
(mime; play in dumb show (i.e. using only gestures, not words), or an actor of such)
Oxford music online, accessed Oct. 16, 2013
mime artist
mirliton
mirliton (generic term for Membranophones played by a performer speaking or singing into them, and which alter the sound of the voice by means of a vibrating membrane. The word appeared in France during the 18th century as a fashionable term for a wide assortment of items; it first clearly indicated a membranophone in the Dictionnaire de Trévoux of 1752)
mišnice
(Mišnice, bagpipe found in Istria, the Kvarner Bay area, Dalmatia and Bosnia and Hercegovina (Yugoslavia), consists of a skin bag and double chanter with single reeds and has no drone pipe)
(Mišnice, mouth-blown bagpipe of Croatia, with double chanter but without drone)
(Mjersniče, Dalmatian goatskin bagpipe)
Work cat.: W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collect, 1938-1940
mjersnice
mixed media
(Mixed media: the merging of elements from different arts into a single, composite expression, usually as in recent works in which live sound (including music) and movement (including dance and dramatic action), film, tape, and setting are combined, often incorporating indeterminate elements and audience participation; also multimedia)
multimedia
multi-media
Merged elements from various arts that cannot be described by a more specific term. For a visual component of musical performance, see [visuals.]
monochord
(Monochord: Zither with a single string ... In the Middle Ages ... used for theoretical demonstrations ... and for tuning instruments)
morin huur
Mongol music II (morin huur: two-string spike box fiddle with horse-head ornamentation of the Central and Western Khalkhas)
label (Matou qin = Matouqin)
huur, morin
matouqin
matou qin
ma tʻou chʻin
khil-khuur
mouseketier
label (The Bible without God : live mouseketier performances)
Applebaum, M. The Bible without God [SR] p2005:
t.p. (Magnetic north : 86 public and consensual rituals : for brass quintet, soloist, and optional percussion) p. i (Magnetic north was composed with two particular soloists in mind: (1) the mouseketier electroacoustic sound-sculpture)
Work cat.: Applebaum, M. Magnetic north, 2006:
p. iii (mouseketier, an original sound-sculpture made of junk, hardware, and found objects mounted on an electroacoustic soundboard, played with chopsticks, violin bows, and plectra, and transformed in performance with a battery of live electronics)
(mouth bow: a type of musical bow which is held against the player's mouth; most mouth bows are sounded by plucking the string (or strings) with a fingertip or plectrum, by tapping with a light stick, or by stroking with a friction stick or subsidiary bow)
under Musical bow (Bows with a separate resonator also include the mouth bow, in which the player’s mouth cavity supplies resonance: this type is widespread in Africa, South America and Oceania
(mouth bow: musical bow in which the player's mouth acts as a resonator)
Work cat.: 99-179802: Brenner, K.P. Chipendani und Mbira, 1997.
mouth organ (free-reed aerophone typically consisting of a wind-chest penetrated by one or more tubes, each fitted with a Free reed of metal or bamboo. Because of the widespread use of Western free-reed mouth organs, called variously harmonica..., French harp and mouth harp, such instruments are known worldwide, but they probably originated in mainland South-east Asia or southern China during prehistoric times)
mridanga
under Mr̥daṅgam (a percussion instrument from India of ancient origin. It is the primary rhythmic accompaniment in a Carnatic music and Newa music ensemble. Alternate spellings include "mrudangam", "mrdangam", "mritangam" and "miruthangam in Tamil") under Khol (also known as a mrdanga (lit. "mrit+anga" = "clay body") or mridanga; a terracotta two-sided drum used in northern and eastern India for accompaniment with devotional music) under Pakhavaj (pakhawaj [cross-reference]; the pakhavaj or mridang is an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum, a variant and descendant of the mridang)
(mr̥daṅgam; mirutaṅkam; pakhawaj)
(mr̥daṅgam (mr̥daṅga, mr̥daṅg, mirdang, mirutaṅkam); an Indian name, in use for over two millennia, for tuned, finger-played, double-headed drums, primarily elongated barrel drums, which accompany Hindustani and Karnatak music; the mṛdang of North and Central India (also spelt or pronounced mirdang) is frequently called pakhāvaj, a medieval name)
Grove music online, accessed Oct. 17, 2013
khol
pakhāvaj
mirdang
mr̥dang
mridangam
pakhawaj
mr̥daṅgam
mirutaṅkam
mr̥daṅga
miruthangam
Any of several types of double-headed drum used to accompany devotional music and known by various names in different regions of India.
mukhavīṇā
insert (mukha veena, an Indian double reed instrument)
(mukhavīṇā, short oboe of southern India; term also used to refer to double-reed aerophones of the Indian subcontinent in general)
p. 986 (mukhavīṇā, small South India double-reed instrument)
Garland encycl. of world music, South Asia, 2000:
mukha veena
musette (oboe)
(musette: 1a. a small bellows-filled bagpipe popular in France esp. in the 18th cent.; 1b. also musette pipe; a small simple oboe)
(Musette: 2. musette chanter of the 18th cent., played without its bagpipe. In such cases the reed was covered by a wooden reed cap to protect it. During the 19th cent. the reed cap was dispensed with, thus transforming the chanter into a small oboe in G (a 5th above the ordinary oboe), marketed as a toy, sometimes with 4, 5, or 6 keys)
(under Musette, (2): Many specimens of the "hautbois de Poitou" in museum collections probably date from the 18th century, and it was following the same tradition that Paris woodwind makers began in the 1830s to produce the small oboe without reed-cap which has since been called "musette." Pitched a 5th above the oboe and 31 to 36 cm in length, it is made in two joints and has seven finger-holes, a thumb-hole and two vents in the bell. The reed is shaped like that of an oboe, but is a little smaller. Later a simple keywork was added, and such models, usually made of blackwood, were still offered for sale in the 1930s for domestic amusement)
Work cat.: 2002539072: Maderna, B. Solo (1971) per musette, oboe, oboe d'amore, corno inglese (un solo esecutore), c1972.
musette pipe
oboe
under Musical box (Mechanical instrument in which tuned steel prongs (lamellae) are made to vibrate by contact with moving parts driven by a clockwork mechanism)
musical box
(musical bow [harp bow]: a bow-shaped chordophone consisting solely of a flexible stave, curved by the tension of a string (or strings) stretched between its ends; the string may be set in vibration by plucking it with fingertip or plectrum, by tapping it with a small stick or grass stalk, [or] by stroking it with a friction stick or with a subsidiary bow)
musical bow (bow-shaped chordophone consisting solely of a flexible stave, curved by the tension of a string (or strings) stretched between its ends, any associated resonator being either unattached, or detachable without destroying the sound-producing apparatus; in various forms, is widely distributed in Africa, America, Oceania, parts of Asia and formerly to a small extent in Europe (East Prussia, the Netherlands, Italy, Latvia and Lithuania)
harp bow

A bow that is played as a musical instrument in its own right and not as a device to draw sound from another instrument.

musical clock
LC database: Mozart, W.A. Fantasia in F minor for organ (mechanical clock-organ), K. 608.
LC database: Haydn, J. Fourteen pieces for the mechanical clock-organ of 1793.
Archives/Clock organ ([installed] a huge Grandfather clock with a built-in organ w/ 22 stopped wooden flute pipes which play off a pinned cylinder)
Mechanical musical digest WWW site, Oct. 13, 2004:
(Flötenuhr; Flötenwerk; Laufwerk; musical clock; Spieluhr)
(Musical clock; a clock combined with a mechanical instrument, carillons, or other chiming mechanisms or mechanical organs. The latter type: flute-playing clocks; Ger.: Flötenuhr; there is also a harp-playing clock)
(Flötenuhr, flute-clock, Laufwerk)
musical clock (clock combined with one or more forms of Mechanical instrument which plays music at regular time-intervals. Unlike the chiming clock .., with which it is frequently confused, the musical clock’s performance is normally separate from the hourly chiming sequence, and can be selected automatically or manually (sometimes a choice is offered) from a repertory of tunes provided on a pinned wooden or metal barrel or cylinder as in the Barrel organ or Musical box.)"
Bach, C.P.E. Stücke für Spieluhren & Drehorgeln, Wotq, 193, 1984.
mechanical clock-organ
clock, musical
clock-organ
flute-playing clock
flute clock
A clock equipped with a mechanical organ. For sounds produced by a clock equipped with a carillon or other chiming mechanism use [clock chimes.]
nāgasvaram
(Nagaswaram also spelled: nagasvaram)
(nāgasvaram, nāgasuram, nāyanam, conical oboe of South India)
(Conical shawm of South India.)
(parallel title on container: Southern India [SR] : nâgaswaram in the carnatic tradition)
Subramaniam, O.K. Inde du Sud [SR] : le nâgaswaram dans la tradition carnatique, 2004
New Delhi data sheet (nadaswaram)
Work cat.: 94907244: Tumilan̲. Nātacurac cakkaravartti Ṭi. En̲. Rājarattin̲am Piḷḷai, 1988:
nâgaswaram
nāgasuram
nadasvaram
nāyanam
nadaswaram
nākasvaram
Native American flute
Nakai, C. The art of the Native American flute, c1996.
Price, L.P. Creating and using the Native American concert flute, c1996.
(Courting flute; duct flute of the North American Indians) under North America, II, 1, Aerophones: v. 13, p. 304 (most important melodic instrument is the flute, found in many different forms over much of the continent)
Work cat.: 95161356: Price, L.P. Creating and using the Native American love flute, c1994.
Price, L.P. Native North American flutes, c1990.
p. 123 (Native American flute)
Gombert, G. Native American music directory, c1997:
label (American Indian flute)
98702967: High Eagle. Echoes [SR] p1987:
t.p. (an introduction to the Native American flute)
Web. 3;Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, 1975
American Indian flute
love flute
Native American love flute
natural horn (Term applied to the many different types of valveless horn.)

An unspecified valveless horn. For the orchestral valved or valveless French horn, use [horn.]

nāykhīṃ
under Nepal (The Newar butcher caste (Nāy) play their drum, the nāykhĩ, to accompany funeral processions to the cremation ground.)
(Nāykhīṃ)
(nāykhĩ)
Work cat.: Wegner, G. The nāykhĩbājā of Bhaktapur, 1988
nāykhĩ
new century harp
(functionally, the idea is that the player creates chords from individual strings, rather than having designated strings pre-grouped into chords, as in the case of chord-zithers, ukelins, etc.; probably produced in only one model)
ngoma
v. 1, p. 802 (ngoma (ng'oma); East African term for drums and performances; drum, a membranophone)
(ngoma (engoma; goma; gomo; ingoma; ng'oma; ngomba; ngomm; ngomo); among different peoples ngoma can variously denote a dance, a drum ensemble, the most important drum of an ensemble, or individual drums)
(entry same as online version with correction of in̄goma for "i'goma," the spelling of which is caused by a script error)
(ngoma; word meaning drum, musical instr., dance, in Bantu languages; ingomba, var. of ngoma)
documentation (ngoma)
Work cat.: Perullo, A. I. Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, 2000-2002:
ngomo
gomo
in̄goma
engoma
ngomm
ngomba
ingomba
goma
nōkan
(Nōkan. Transverse bamboo flute, of the Japanese nō theatre)
(Transverse bamboo flute, with seven fingerholes, of the Japanese nō theatre; also used in dance music (nagauta), off-stage music of the kabuki theatre (geza) and some folk musics.)
(for nokhan solo)
Work cat.: Nakamura, Y. Shinzan kakusei, 2005
(Nōkan)
nō-kan
nohkan
nō-flute
noordsche balk
under Noordsche balk (Dutch name for the various zithers of the Low Countries, either made of, or having the appearance of, the lengths of Scandinavian deal known as ‘Nordic beams’) under Zither (in 1699 the Friesian organist-pedagogue Claas Douwes described the noardske Balke as an instrument of some 60 to 90 cm, with three or four strings and diatonic frets under the melody string, the rest being unison-tuned bourdons) under Hommel (hummel, humle); a partly fretted box zither used in the Low Countries and adjacent parts of Germany, and in Scandinavia)
(Various zithers of the Low Countries)
scheitholt
hommel
noardske balke
humle
hummel
Any of several types of zither played in the Low Countries.
Northumbrian small pipe
art. Bagpipe (Northumbrian small-pipe)
art. Bagpipe (Northumbrian small pipe)
(Northumbrian small pipes; Northumberland small pipes; Northumbrian smallpipes)
Butler, R. Richard Butler's Handbook for the Northumbrian small pipes, c1987.
Northumbrian smallpipes
Northumbrian small pipes
small pipes, Northumbrian
small pipe, Northumbrian
Northumberland small pipes
notched rattle
page 86 (omichicahuaztli, a long hollow bone with notches, also called bone rattle or musical rasp; not to be confused with the chicahuaztli (rattle stick), a staff with a hollow gourd at the end filled with pebbles)
Winning, H. A decorated bone rattle from Culhuacan, Mexico, in American antiquity, vol. 25, no. 1 (Jul. 1959):
page 344 (Notched rattle; consists of a round stick whittled flat, with transverse notches or grooves cut across the flattened portion; a small rod is moved up and down the grooved portion of the stick to make a rattling sound)
Hawley, E.H. Distribution of the notched rattle, in American anthropologist, vol. 11, no. 11 (Nov. 1898):
rattle, bone
bone rattle
rattle, notched
Novachord
(Novachord. Keyboard instrument resembling electronic organ; sometimes known as an "electrical orchestra" because of its ability to imitate sounds of most orchestral instruments)
(Hammond Novachord, manufactured from 1939 to 1942; polyphonic electronic organ; able to produce a range of sounds imitating orchestral instruments)
program notes (keyboard instrument retains much of tone quality of organ and simulates woodwind and many string tones)
00728414: Feibel, F. Novachord solos, 1941:
Hammond Novachord
electrical orchestra
orchestra, electrical
oboe (Generic term in the system of Hornbostel and Sachs for an aerophone with a double (concussion) reed; name is taken from that of the principal treble double-reed instrument of Western art music)
oboe d'amore
oboe d'amore (mezzo-soprano oboe in A with a bulb bell)
mezzo-soprano oboe
oboe da caccia
oboe da caccia (curved, leather-covered tenor oboe with a flaring bell, in use from about 1720 to about 1760)
(... the term has been applied to the tenor oboe (english horn) in general, although both Curt Sachs and Bessaraboff preferred to reserve it specifically for a mid-18th century tenor oboe with a large open bell, of which few examples survive)
(oboe da caccia)
Sonate in F-dur für Oboe da caccia (Violone) und obbligates Cembalo, BWV 1038, 1996.
(18th-c. woodwind instrument concerning which little is known ... Today it is generally assumed the oboi da caccia were alto oboes in F, built in shape of a curved hunting horn ... in use from ca. 1720 to ca. 1760)
oboe ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more oboes of any type, sometimes also including one or more English horns or other double reed instrument.
woodwind ensemble
ocarina
(vessel flute with a hollow body, originally in the shape of a large elongated egg. The standard Western ocarina was invented and named in about 1853 by Giuseppe Luigi Donati)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, May 20, 2010
oliphant
(oliphant; medieval ivory horn, usually with carved decoration; about 60 oliphants survive from a brief period of production during the 11th and 12th cents.; in Chanson de Roland the horn is first given the name of 'olifan' or 'olifant', terms by then used interchangeably to designate both elephant and ivory)
(oliphants; medieval end-blown ivory aerophones made from elephants' tusks, finely carved and prized by the wealthy classes mainly as tokens of land tenure or by churches as reliquaries, rather than as sound devices; terms: oliphants; oliphant; olifants)
under Horn (medieval European ivory horns, imported from Byzantium in the 10th cent., were associated with royalty; these ivory (sometimes bone) horns, often richly carved, were called oliphants)
(Medieval end-blown ivory horn, sometimes finely carved, perhaps more often used as a token of land tenure or rights, and by churches as a reliquary, than as a musical instrument)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Sept. 3, 2009
CIP data (oliphants, that is, horns carved from the ivory tusks of elephants, are among the most intriguing and impressive examples of secular art of the pre-Gothic era in Western Europe)
2004045784: Shalem, Avinoam. Oliphants, 2004:
olifant
ondes Martenot
ondes Martenot (monophonic electronic instrument invented by Maurice Martenot...whose original name for it was ‘ondes musicales’)
(ondes Martenot; also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales)
Martenot's ondes musicales
ondium Martenot
Martenot
ondes musicales
ongnyugŭm
(illustrations show a zither-like instrument on a stand with pedals, probably for changing pitches like a harp)
under Korea (new string instrument; mounted on trestles; retains the trapezoid shape of the yanggŭm but adds bridges from the kayagŭm and a system of rotating tuning triskeles operated by foot pedals not dissimilar to those on the western orchestral harp.)
ophicleide
ophicleide (keyed brasswind instrument, the bass member of the family whose soprano is the keyed bugle (it is classified as an Aerophone: trumpet))
orchestra (has been used in a generic sense to mean any large grouping of instrumentalists; in [one] specific and historical sense...a characteristically European institution that arose in the 17th and 18th centuries and subsequently spread to other parts of the world as part of Western cultural influence)
full orchestra
large orchestra

A large ensemble consisting of bowed string instruments and some combination of wind and other types of instruments, or such an ensemble whose relative size is not specified. For a small orchestra so specified, use [chamber orchestra.]

orchestrion
(Orchestrion; complex mechanical instrument played by pin barrels or perforated cards or paper rolls; for indoor use)
Orchestrion, the magnificent music machine [SR] p1978.
container (the nickelodeon, or more correctly, orchestrion ...)
orchestrion (The name given by Georg Joseph Vogler to a large, and, for its time, somewhat revolutionary organ that was first completed in Rotterdam in 1790;term, originally of German origin, widely used in the 19th and 20th centuries to denote a complex Mechanical instrument played by pinned barrels or perforated cards or paper rolls.)
nickelodeon
(organ; wind instrument consisting of one or more scale-like rows of individual pipes of graded size which are made to sound by air under pressure directed from a wind-raising device and admitted to the pipes by means of valves operated from a keyboard)
Grove music online, accessed Oct. 25, 2013
pipe organ
enharmonic organ
organ ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more organs of any type.
organette
(A portable self-playing Reed organ; automatic keyboardless instrument ... Other makes of organette models included ... Organina. With reference: For larger self-playing organs (other than the Barrel organ type), see Player organ.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Jun. 27, 2011
player organ
orkon
under Recorder (Edward Verne Powell's "Chromette" or "Orkon", invented in 1943, was a modified descant recorder with simplified Boehm-system keywork.)
LC catalog: Powell, E.V. Orkon playing method.
chromette
orpharion
(Orpharion; a wire-strung instrument of the bandora family, of similar scalloped shape but smaller and tuned like the lute; lute and orpharion regarded as interchangeable) under Bandora (a plucked chordophone classified as a lute)
(Orpharion; identical with the pandora but smaller; tuned like a lute; a substitute lute)
orpharion (plucked chordophone (classified as a lute) of bass register with metal strings and a scalloped and festooned body outline, said to have been invented in London in 1562.)
program notes (Orpharion; a wire-strung bass bandora; the name combines the words Orpheus and Arion; 10 of 30 Elizabethan lute-song publications specifically mention the orpharion as an alternative to the lute)
Dowland, J. The English Orpheus [SR] p1989:
orphéal
(a combination of piano, organ and harmonium invented 1910 by Georges Cloetens of Brussels)
Marcuse, S., Musical instruments, a comprehensive dictionary, 1975
An instrument combining aspects of the piano, organ, and harmonium.
oud
(Oude)
ʻūd; pl.: ʻīdān (short-necked plucked lute of the Arab world, the direct ancestor of the European lute)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Feb. 6, 2003:
ʻūd
oude
pʻiri
(Pʻiri: small cylindrical oboe of Korea)
(Small, cylindrical double-reed pipe of Korea. There are three main types; all made of bamboo, use oversize bamboo reeds and have eight finger-holes.)
(Pʻillyul see Pʻiri)
panharmonicon
(mechanical instrument, essentially a glorified barrel organ, designed to play orchestral music; later resulted in the orchestrion)
panpipes
Puscoiu, C. You can teach yourself pan flute, c1997.
under panpipes (Instrument consisting of a number of pipes of graduated lengths, joined together either in the form of a bundle or more commonly in the form of a raft. It is classified by Hornbostel and Sachs as a set of end-blown flutes) under Antara (Amerindian name for Peruvian panpipes) under Nai (Romanian panpipes) under Pan‐Pipes (Pandean Pipes, Syrinx)
Oxford Music Online, accessed Oct. 31, 2013:
(pan flute, panflute)
pan's pipes
antara
nai
panflute
pan pipes
pan flute
pandean pipes
panpipes ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more sets of panpipes.
par
v. 5, p. 988 (par; Kota cylindrical drum of Tamil Nadu)
documentation (par)
Wolf, R.K. India and Pakistan, 1991-1998:
A cylindrical drum that originated in Tamil Nadu, India.
par̲ai
Work cat.: 99948456: Vaḷarmati, Mu. Par̲ai, 1999.
v. 5, p. 988 (par̲ai (also pirai): Tamil frame drum played by hand or with two thin sticks; the traditional occupation of the Par̲aiyar caste)
(pariah, parriar: the name of a low caste of Hindus in Southern India, constituting one of the most numerous castes, if not the most numerous, in the Tamil country. The word in its present shape means properly "a drummer." Tamil parai is the large drum, beaten at certain festivals, and the hereditary beaters of it are called (sing.) paraiyan, (pl.) paraiyar)
under Huḍukkā (hourglass drums; also called tudi or iḍaisurangu paṟai and are mostly played with the right-hand fingers)
(par̲ai: the ancient south Indian Tamil name for circular drums, apparently of the frame drum type, found in literature of the 1st millennium AD; pirai: pair of small, hand-held drums of Tamil Nadu and Andhra, southeast India; of the frame drum type)
pirai
pardessus de viole
under Viol/1. (pardessus (high treble))
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Aug. 3, 2005:
(Pardessus de viole; five-string descant viol; quinton)
t.p. (par-dessus de viole)
Work cat.: Corrette, M. Method for easily learning to play the pardessus de viole with five or six strings, including lessons of one and two parts, c1990.
quinton
par-dessus de viole
descant viol
high treble viol
pedal clavichord
2001372939: Speerstra, J. Bach, the pedal clavichord, and the organist, 2000.
(Pedal clavichord: a clavichord equipped with a pedal-board like that of an organ)
A clavichord with a pedal-board like that of an organ.
pedal harpsichord
00390396: Kolloquium "Kammermusik und Orgel im höfischen Umkreis--Das Pedalcembalo" (1997 : Schloss Köthen). Beiträge zum Kolloquium "Kammermusik und Orgel im höfischen Umkreis--Das Pedalcembalo" ... 1998.
(Pedal harpsichord. A harpsichord equipped with a pedal-board like that of an organ)
pedalcembalo
A harpsichord with a pedal-board like that of an organ.
pedal harp
A modern Western harp. For an unspecified chordophone in which the plane of strings is perpendicular to the soundboard see [harp.]
pedal piano
Schumann, R. Werke für Orgel oder Pedalklavier, c1986.
(Pedal pianoforte)
under Pedal pianoforte (piano equipped with a pedal-board like that of an organ. Four types are known: those in which the pedals operate separate hammers to strike the same strings as the keys; those in which a separate set of strings with its own soundboard is installed below the main soundboard; those with a separate box containing pedals, action and strings, on which the piano itself is set; and uprights, where wire pull-downs on the keys are activated by the pedals)
(Pedal-piano)
pedal pianoforte
A piano with a pedal-board like that of an organ.
pedal steel guitar
(pedal steel guitar; development of the lap steel guitar in which the application of pedals enables the player to change instantaneously from one tuning to another)
670Grove Music Online, accessed Oct. 31, 2013
A steel guitar equipped with a pedal that allows for instantaneous change of tuning.
pelittone
under Cimbasso (In 1845 Giuseppe Pelitti (1811-65) invented the pelittone(patented in Austria in 1847), a contrabass tuba designed to supersede all existing low brass instruments in Italian orchestras; in 1851, he devised the even larger generale pelittone); under Pelitti (a contrabass tuba in C)
penny whistle
under Penny whistle (tin whistle; pennywhistle; generic term for the simple duct flute or flageolet; made of bone, wood, reed, metal, plastic, or other material, usually with four to seven fingerholes) under Ireland (The Irish Tin whistle (feadóg stáin) is a short end-blown duct flute of metal alloy with six finger-holes)
tin whistle
pennywhistle
feadóg stáin
whistle (penny whistle)
percussion
percussion (term used to describe instruments, in particular Western orchestral and band instruments, that are played by shaking, or by striking either a membrane (e.g. drums, tambourines; see Membranophone) or a plate or bar of wood, metal or other hard material (e.g. cymbals, triangles, xylophone; see Idiophone). They can also be divided into instruments that produce a sound of definite pitch (e.g. kettledrums, celesta) and those that do not (e.g. snare drum, gong).)
One or more unspecified instruments in the percussion family that are often included as part of a larger ensemble. For a single unspecified percussion instrument see [percussion instrument.]
under Controller (electronic instrument; usually a keyboard (often permitting some level of touch-sensitivity), but some are designed to utilize the techniques of string, wind and percussion players
Suppl. I (MIDI controllers, Percussion)
under Percussion (term used to describe instruments, in particular Western orchestral and band instruments, that are played by shaking, or by striking either a membrane (e.g. drums, tambourines; see Membranophone) or a plate or bar of wood, metal or other hard material (e.g. cymbals, triangles, xylophone; see Idiophone). They can also be divided into instruments that produce a sound of definite pitch (e.g. kettledrums, celesta) and those that do not (e.g. snare drum, gong).)

A single unspecified percussion instrument. For one or more unspecified percussion instruments that are often included as part of a larger ensemble see [percussion.]

An unspecified participant in a musical work.

phin phia
(phīn phia, also known as phia; a stick zither; has two or four strings and a half-gourd resonator; may still be heard in northern Thailand)
(pin piah; ancient lute of Thailand's northern region)
Pǣng Nōčhā phū mī phonngān dīdēn thāng dān watthanatham sākhā sinlapa kānsadǣeng dontrī phư̄nbān phin pīa, 1995
phin pīa
phia
pin piah
phonofiddle
(one-string variant of the Stroh violin; under Stroh violin: type of violin developed for early gramophone recordings by (John Matthias) Augustus Stroh; body consists of a long, narrow piece of wood, the upper surface of which serves as the fingerboard, and a flexible membrane, to which a straight metal horn is attached, mounted at one side of the bridge)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 21, 2007
A one-string violin developed by Augustus Stroh and used in early sound recordings.
(Pī; Pì)
(Pī: in Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea, a generic term for the oboe and other types of aerophone)
pi pa
under pipa (Pear-shaped plucked lute of China and Korea; corresponds to the Japanese Biwa and is related to the Vietnamese đàn ty)
(pipa: peared-shaped plucked lute of China and Korea corresponding to Japanese biwa)
Chinese lute
pipa
(Pianoforte (piano): a keyboard instrument distinguished by the fact that its strings are struck by rebounding hammers rather than plucked (as in the harpsichord) or struck by tangents that remain in contact with the strings (as in the clavichord); in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification of instruments, reckoned as a box zither)
Handel, G.F. Six overtures fitted to the harpsichord or spinnet, 1737.
spinnet (piano)
pianoforte
spinet (piano)
grand piano
concert grand (piano)
upright piano
fortepiano
piano ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more pianos, each of which has one or more performers.
piano-harp
under Electronic instruments ii and iv (Béthenod's oscillator-based "piano-harp"; other fully polyphonic instruments include ... Bé́thenod's "piano-harp")
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 21, 2007:
piccolo
piccolo (small flute sounding an octave higher than the ordinary or concert flute)
pinkullu
t.p. (pinquillo)
Work cat.: Gómez García, D. El pinquillo aerofóno prehispánico, 2005:
(Pinkullu, pinkillu, pincullo, pincollo, pincuyllu, pingullo, pinkayllu; Andean end-blown flute)
pinkayllu
pincuyllu
pingullo
pinkillu
pincollo
pinquillo
pincullo
An end-blown flute from the Andes region.
(pipe (instrument); often with six holes, the shepherd's pipe is a common pastoral image)
pipe ((1) Generic term for a tube, open or stopped, of wood, metal, cane or other material and with or without finger-holes;(2)Specifically, a small duct flute, usually with three holes, played with a small drum) chalumeau (the term originally denoted a pipe or bagpipe chanter) pipe and tabor (English tabor pipes, when not home-made or supplied by regular instrument makers in London, were often imported from France, the English size matching a common size for the Galoubet of Provence)
New Grove Online, accessed November 12, 2013:
bamboo pipe
pastoral oboe
chalumeau (pipe)
tabor pipe
symphonet
shepherd's pipe

An unspecified simple end-blown flute with or without finger holes.

pipe band
under Scotland/Instrumental music (Pipe bands consist of a group of Highland pipers accompanied by side, tenor and bass drummers.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, May 8, 2012:
bagpipe band
An ensemble consisting of two or more bagpipes and various drums.
pīphāt
(pīphāt: instrumental ensemble of Thailand, consisting of percussion instruments and the pī (oboe))
(under Laos: classical music ensemble. The piphat (Vientiane) or sep nyai (Luang Prabang) consists of xylophones, circular gong-chimes and quadruple-reed instrument plus drums and cymbals.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Jun. 27, 2011:
sep nyai
An instrumental ensemble of Thailand featuring the pī.
pitchpipe
pitchpipe (term used for various aerophones designed to give standard pitches to singers or to aid tuning an instrument)
pitch-pipe
player organ (organ, other than a Barrel organ...played either by a keyboard or by perforated paper rolls; similar in this respect to a Player piano)
(player piano)
player piano (piano fitted with a self-playing mechanism, normally pneumatic, capable of playing from a perforated paper music roll (piano roll).)
piano-player
reproducing piano
player piano ensemble
University of Massachusetts at Lowell. Percussion Ensemble. Ballet mécanique and other works for player pianos, percussion, and electronics, 2000.
An ensemble consisting of two or more player pianos.
plucked instrument
v. 1 (plucked (Mus.): of a stringed instrument, designed to be played by plucking)
v. 11, p. 321 (Stringed instrument: Another important plucked instrument ...)
p. 75 (Plucked instruments may have many strings of different lengths ... or fewer strings of the same length ... or occasionally a combination)
Donington, R. Music and its instruments, 1982:
v. 13, p. 728 (Music: Plucked stringed instruments are played by plucking the strings with the fingers or a pick or plectrum)
plectral instrument
An unspecified plucked instrument of any material. For a plucked string instrument see [plucked string instrument.]
plucked string ensemble

An ensemble consisting of two or more plucked instruments of various types.

plucked stringed instrument

An unspecified plucked string instrument. For an unspecified plucked instrument of any material see [plucked instrument.]

plung
Marcuse, S. Mus. instruments;New Grove mus. instr.
bklt. (The plung mouth organ has two main components: the wind-chest made from a calabash gourd and several bamboo pipes; used for various occations and rituals by Murung people in Western Bangladesh)
Work cat.: 99391939: Orgues-á-bouche rituels des Murung [SR] p1998:
plung orchestra
Orgues-á-bouche rituels des Murung [SR] p1998.
An ensemble consisting of two or more plungs.
pochette
pochette (Pocket. Small type of vn. formerly used by 17th‐cent. dancing‐masters, and known in Eng. as a kit.) kit (kytte; treble violin; Taschengeige)
Oxford Music Online, accessed November 13, 2013:
kytte
pocket fiddle
treble violin
Taschengeige
kit
polopalo
under Indonesia/Outer islands (idiophone; two-tongue bamboo buzzing wand)
Work cat.: 84-940852: Palada, R. Petunjuk teknis pengembangan polopalo ... 1982.
positive organ
(Positive)
Work cat.: Jakob, F. Die Baldachin-Orgel von Jenaz, c1987.
under Positive (In current organ usage, strongly influenced by German terminology, a positive is (1) a movable organ as distinct from a Portative or portable organ, and (2) that manual of a larger organ that resembles (and perhaps historically originated in) such a smaller organ.)
(a division of a large organ; a small, one-manual organ)
table organ
positive
post horn
p. 142 (Post horn (Fr. cornet de poste; Ger. Posthorn; It. cornetta di postiglione). A small brass instrument used in the past by postillions and guards on mail coaches to announce the arrivals and departures and to call attention en route. Although some models were shaped like a trumpet, circular form remained the favourite; from about 1825 post horns were also made with keys to increase their ability to play tunes.)
New Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 1984:
Work cat.: Das Grosse Buch vom Posthorn, c1985.
post horn (small brass instrument used in the past by postillions and guards on mail coaches to announce the arrivals and departures and to call attention en route. Small arcuate horns were so used in France, England and Germany up to the early 17th century when instruments began to be constructed in one very small coil barely 7 cm across with a fundamental about b♭.)
(Coach-horn see Posthorn)
Oxford companion to music, viewed Aug. 12, 2013
posthorn
coach-horn
practice chanter
label (practice chanter)
Mitchell, Burt. Irish airs and quicksteps, 2000:
(practice chanter; a double-reed wind-cap instrument, used by Scottish highland bagpipers, with tuning and fingering equivalent to that of an actual bagpipe chanter. Because of its narrow cylindrical bore and longer, less stiff reed, it sounds an octave lower than the bagpipe chanter and has a much softer tone)
Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, 1975;New Harvard dict. of music;Web. 3
(prepared piano; piano in which the pitches, timbres and dynamic responses of individual notes have been altered by means of bolts, screws, mutes, rubber erasers and/or other objects inserted at particular points between or placed on the strings)
Oxford Music Online, accessed November 13, 2013

A piano that has been altered by placing objects on and/or between the strings.

processed sound
psalmodikon
Psalmodikon (a bowed box zither, originating in the Scandinavian countries, used to acc. choral singing)
p. 266, etc. (Psalmodikon) p. 279, etc. (known as the salmodikon in Norway)
Grandfather's songbooks, or, The psalmodikon in America, 1981:
(Psalmodicon; bowed zither of Sweden; prob. invented by Johann Dillner in 1829; especially popular in teaching choral music in the schools)
psalmodicon
salmodikon
(psalterion: Psaltery)
Oxford English dictionaries website, Jan. 3, 2019
Kurfürst, P. Ala und Harfe mit zwei Resonatoren, 1985.
(Ala is a medieval psaltery)
(Psaltery)
(Salterio: see Psaltery; see also Dulcimer)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Feb. 5, 2009
(Singer also plays a psalterion)
Xenakis, Iannis. Kassandra : pour baryton et percussion, ©1987
psaltery (instrument of the zither family (classified as a Chordophone). It consists of a raised piece of wood, or a wooden box with soundholes, without a neck; it may be rectangular, triangular or trapeziform in shape)
(Psaltery, (from Greek psaltērion: "harp"), musical instrument having plucked strings of gut, horsehair, or metal stretched across a flat soundboard, often trapezoidal but also rectangular, triangular, or wing-shaped; Psalteries are members of the zither family)
psalterion
ala
pung
(A large double-headed tuned barrel drum of Manipur, north-east India)
under India/Dance (pung (barrel drum))
pyrophone
(pyrophone: an organ with pipes set in motion by gas jets)
(also [flame organ]. An organ with pipes that produce tones from the internal combustion of gas jets operated by means of a keyboard; patented in England in 1873 (no. 1091) as a type of ‘chemical harmonica’... Since then, many different instruments called pyrophones have been constructed, some as academic projects, some as sound sculptures, and mostly ephemeral. They operate by various means using fuels such as hydrogen, propane, butane, and petrol.)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Jan. 24, 2013
(also known as a "fire/explosion organ" or "fire/explosion calliope" is a musical instrument in which notes are sounded by explosions, or similar forms of rapid combustion, rapid heating, or the like)
explosion calliope
harmonica, chemical
calliope, explosion
explosion organ
fire calliope
flame organ
fire organ
chemical harmonica
calliope, fire
qānūn
(Plucked box zither or psaltery of the Middle East, North Africa and parts of Asia; it is trapeziform in shape, two of the sides forming a right angle. It is a classical instrument of the Arab world and Turkey (kanun), known in both oral and written traditions.)
label (qānūn)
Omar, M.A. Récital oriental au Caire [SR] 1984: p1979:
(Qānūn, plucked box zither of the Middle east; kanun, k'anon, kanonaki)
(Kanoon)
kanonaki
kanoon
k'anon
kanun
qin
qin (Seven-string plucked zither of China. Though indigenous to China, the qin (pron. ‘chin’, also known as guqin, ‘ancient qin’) belongs to the family of long zithers in East Asia.)
v. 3, p. 171 (Qin [chʻin]) v. 1, p. 354 (Chʻin: see Qin)
(qin (chʻin))
CIP pref. (Guqin; seven-string zither)
ch'in
guqin
qobuz
(Qobuz (i) (qobyz, kobuz): two-string fiddle of the Karakalpak, Kazakh and Kyrgyz peoples of Central Asia ... shaped like a deeply curved ladle ... played with a bow of horsehair)
Grove music online WWW site, Aug. 12, 2005
(Qobuz (kobuz); called kiak by the Kirghiz people)
The new Grove dictionary of musical instruments
booklet (Kyl-kobyz; a bowed two-string cello-like instrument ... with opened sound box, which makes it look like a spoon)
(under Fiddle, 2a: kobyz, kyyak (Central Asia--rather shoe-like, the upper part round))
The Oxford companion to musical instruments, 1992
kiak
qobyz
kobyz
kyyak
kobuz
quena
(Quena, cuena)
(Kena (kena-kena, quena, quena-quena): Andean open-notched flute)
(Quena)
kena
cuena
quena-quena
kena-kena
quinto (drum)
(Quinto (i). A Cuban slit-drum, made from a box with two opposite sides sloping together to form a small opening at the top. It is struck with the hands. It has been used in the rumba orchestra. Quinto (ii). A Venezuelan guitar)
(Quinto (1). Afro-Cuban drum similar to the conga, but smaller and higher-pitched. Played in rumba orchestras. Quinto (2). Small guitar of Venezuela)
Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, a comprehensive dictionary
t.p., subtitle (Afro-Cuban conga drum improvisation; learn to play Afro-Cuban quinto licks & soloing)
under Conga (Afro-Cuban barrel drum; usually used in sets of two to four, of different sizes: the largest drum is the tumba (c33 cm), then the conga (30 cm), the quinto (28 cm) and the nino (25 cm).)
container (luth afghan ou rohbab (ou rabab ou rebab))
rubab (term for various chordophones, particularly lutes (mainly with skin soundtable), both bowed and plucked, and lyres, found mainly in North Africa, the Middle East, Iran, Central Asia, South Asia and South-east Asia, but also in many other regions influenced by Islam: from China to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Indonesia to Spain (and thence to Latin America).)
(Rabāb)
(Rabāb (rubāb, rubob, rebab, rabob, robāb, ribāb, rbab, rababa, etc.) the last variant also has an entry of its own. Term for various chordophones, particularly lutes, both bowed and plucked, and lyres. Spike fiddles)
label (Rubaub [in rom.]; Rabāb)
ribāb (lute)
rbab
rubaub
robāb
rubob
rabāb (lute)
rohbab
Afghan lute
rebab (lute)
rabābah (lute)
rabob
rabāb (spike fiddle)
Rabāb. 2. Spike fiddles (the quadrangular single-string rabāba (also rabāb, rabābah) or rabāba al-shā‘ir is still used from Saudi Arabia in the south to Syria in the north, and from Iraq in the east to the Mediterranean coast in the west; a second type of spike fiddle has a hemispherical body of carved wood, gourd or coconut covered with a skin belly; ribāb; the rebab [also] has a prominent role in both the folk and classical traditions of Indonesia and Malaysia)
Oxford Music Online, accessed November 18, 2013:
(rebab; a type of string instrument so named no later than the 8th century and spread via Islamic trading routes over much of North Africa, the Middle East, parts of Europe, and the Far East. The bowed variety often has a spike at the bottom to rest on the ground, and is thus called a spike fiddle in certain areas, but plucked versions like the kabuli rebab (sometimes referred to as the robab or rubab) also exist)
ribāb (spike fiddle)
spike fiddle
rabāba (spike fiddle)
rabābah (spike fiddle)
rebab (spike fiddle)
Any of the various spike fiddles common in North Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of Asia.
rabeca
(rabeca: folk chordophonic instrument that sounds by friction, a type of violin of popular manufacture, also called rebeca)
Enciclopédia da música brasileira popular, erudita e folclórica, 3a ed. rev. e atualizada, 1a reimpr.
v. 2, p. 309 (under Brazil, central and southern areas: rabeca; folk-derived violin, the term reflecting the European word rebec)
(rabeca: 1. obsolete and modern colloquial Portuguese: violin; 2. primitive violin of Brazil used for accompanying the cantoria)
Nóbrega, A.C.P. da. A rabeca no cavalo marinho de Bayeux, Paraíba, 2000.
(under Brazil, Traditional music, Introduction, Organology: The Portuguese rabeca, or fiddle, tuned A-D-D-G, is still used in popular religious feasts, dramatic and secular dances. In the 1920s it began to decline in popularity, only to regain some of its former importance in the 1980s)
Grove music online WWW site, June 3, 2005
rebeca
racket
(Racket (Rackett), cervelas, cervelat, rackett, rankett, cortalli, cortaldi)
racket (double-reed woodwind instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods. The Renaissance or ‘pirouette’ type, though never in widespread use, appeared sporadically in central Europe from about the middle of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th.(
rackett
cervelas
cervelat
cortaldi
rankett
cortalli
radio receiver
under Sound effects (John Cage was particularly eclectic in his choice of instrumentation for his works;Imaginary Landscapes nos.1–3 (1939–42) was the first work to use a radio receiver,)
ranāt ēk
(Ranāt ʻēk; UF Ránâ-t ày-k)
(Ranāt: name of a group of xylophones and metallophones of Thailand and Kampuchea. Ranāt ēk (in Kampuchea, ranāt aek))
p. 278 (Ranat, or ranât; xylophones and metallophones of Thailand and Kampuchea (in the latter also written roneat); ranat (ranât ek, nominal compass f-f", inverted arch, 4' long, with central foot)
Oxford companion to musical instruments, 1992:
v. 4, p. 229 (Ranat ek, foremost Thai xylophone; is distinctive to mainland Southeast Asia; present model of the rana-t ay-k has 21 hardwood or bamboo keys)
p. 191 (Ranāt ēk (in Kampuchea, ranāt aek) is a high-pitched xylophone with a boat-shaped resonator mounted in a pedestal and 21 (occasionally 22) keys of bamboo or hardwood, the former producing a rather soft tone)
t.p. (Ránàt eèk) p. 2 (Thai xylophone; typically has 21 bars; lead instrument of the Pi Ì phât ensemble)
Melodic organization and improvisation in Thai music, with special reference to the thaang ránaàt eèk, 1997:
ranāt aek
rana-t ay-k
rànaât eèk
roneat ek
ranāt thum
(Ranāt thum; in Kampuchea, ranāt dhaṃ)
(Ranāt thum; Ránâ-t thúm)
under Ranāt (ranāt thum (in Cambodia, roneat thung) is a low-pitched xylophone with a rectangular box-shaped resonator, about 125 cm long, and 17 (occasionally 18) keys of bamboo or hardwood)
ranāt dhaṃ
rattle (shaken idiophone in a variety of forms and with numerous names)
rebana
rebana (term for a frame drum and a conical drum in Malaysia and Indonesia)
Soepandi, A. Rebana burdah dan biang, 1992.
(rebana [rebano]: term for several types of drum in Malaysia and Indonesia)
rebano
reco-reco
(reco-reco: a musical instrument consisting of a length of bamboo with transverse notches cut into it and over which a wand is rubbed to produce the sound; also called: reque-reque, canzá, ganzá, caracaxá, querequexé)
Taylor, J.L. A Portuguese-English dict., 1970
p. 77 (reco-reco: a Brazilian wood or bamboo scraper or rasper; sometimes called querēquexé)
leaf 1 of instructions (raspadores (reco-recos) de madeira; raspador (reco-reco) de metal) leaf 2-3 (reco-reco de madeira; reco-reco de metal)
Stasi, C. 33 samra zabobra, 1987 junho 23:
(reco-reco: a notched bamboo stem scraper or a metal scraper; see Güiro ...) Brazil. Traditional music. Introduction. Organology (A popular type of scraped idiophone is the reco-reco, also known as raspador, casaca or catacá)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, June 13, 2001
(reco-reco, S. Am., a wooden tube with ridges that is scraped with a thin stick)
Lang, M. Dict. of percussion terms as found in the symphonic repertoire, c1977
reque-reque
canzá
ganzá (scraped idiophone)
catacá
caracaxá
raspador
querequexé
casaca
Maute, M. Drei Canzonen für Sopranblockflöte (Violine, Zink) und Basso continuo, 1997.
(recorder: common flute, English flute, flûte à bec, flûte à neuf trous, flûte d'Angleterre, flûte douce, Blockflöte, Langsflöte, Schnabelflöte, flauto diretto, flauto dolce)
(Recorder, also flûte à bec or beak flute)
insert (beak flute)
Llorca, Ricardo. Concierto italiano, 2004:
(Recorder: a woodwind instrument with a thumb-hole and (generally) seven finger-holes. It is the chief Western member of the class of duct flutes, being distinguished from most other members particularly by its thumb-hole. The neologism "blockflute," derived from the German Blockflöte, goes back at least to F.J. Giesbert's recorder tutor (Mainz, 1936). There are four main instruments in use today: the descant (known in the USA as the "soprano"); treble (in the USA "alto"); tenor, and bass. Sopranino and great bass instruments are also fairly common. In recent years the recorder with lowest note f has sometimes been termed the basset, because larger sizes have become more widespread: great bass (c), contrabass (F) and even subcontrabass (C) also called bass, great bass, and contrabass, respectively)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Aug. 17, 2001
basset recorder
subcontrabass recorder
English flute
flauto dolce
common flute
beak flute
Blockflöte
reed instrument (term commonly used for musical instruments in which an airstream is directed against a lamella which is thereby set into periodic vibration and interrupts the stream intermittently)
reed organ (generic term for those keyboard instruments whose sound is produced by freely vibrating reed tongues (usually without individual resonators) and activated by air under either pressure or suction; these instruments vied with the piano for popularity as domestic instruments for much of the 19th century (hence the use of such terms as ‘cottage’ or ‘parlour’ organ) and were used extensively in small churches or chapels as an inexpensive substitute for the pipe) harmonium (The name given by Alexandre-François Debain to a small Reed organ patented in 1842. This original instrument had a three-octave keyboard, one set of reeds and a single blowing pedal) cabinet organ (term applied to various types of reed organ) melodeon (term extensively used in the USA during the first half of the 19th century to designate a small reed organ with a single keyboard and one or two sets of reeds) vocalion (type of reed organ; developed by John Baillie-Hamilton)
New Grove Online, accessed November 19, 2013:
organ, cabinet
organ, parlor
parlor organ
harmonium
melodeon (reed organ)
Renaissance lute
A lute popular in Europe from the 15th-17th centuries that has five to twelve courses, the upper courses tuned primarily in fourths.
resonator guitar
(A resonator guitar or resophonic guitar is an acoustic guitar whose sound is produced by one or more spun metal cones (resonators) instead of the wooden sound board (guitar top/face)).
(Resonator guitar: guitar developed in late 1920s with one or more resonator discs, usually metal, mounted inside the body and connected to the bridge; developed in U.S. by John Dopyera; first manufactured by National String Instrument Corp. from 1927; Dopyera left the company ca. 1929 and set up the Dobro Corp. with two of his brothers; the brand name "Dobro," derived from the first syllables of "Dopyera brothers," was devised at this time (it is also the word for "good" in Slavonic languages))
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Dec. 13, 2001
resophonic guitar
dobro
rgya-gling
(rgya-gling)
Work cat.: Rin-chen-rnam-rgyal, G. Rgya gliṅ gi rtsa tshig rab ʾbyams ... 1984.
rgya-gling (Tibetan oboe used in Buddhist rituals; conical hardwood tube, about 60 cm long, has seven equidistant fingerholes (stopped by the second phalange of the finger) and one thumbhole)
rgya gliṅ
roopill
under Estonia (roopill: reedpipe, usually with six finger-holes)
(roopill; simple clarinet of Estonia, with an idioglot reed)
ruan
(Ruan (juan); long-necked lute of the Han Chinese related to the Yuequin (yüeh chʻin); formerly of one size, but now constructed as a family of soprano, alto, tenor, and bass)
p. 326 (Juan)
under Yueqin (the new ruan is now constructed in various sizes, tenor (zhongruan) and bass (daruan) being especially effective support instruments within large ensembles)
Grove Music Online, accessed November 19, 2013:
p. 1 (chung juan)
Hu, T. Hu Teng tʻiao ssu hsien wu chʻung tsou chʻü hsüan, 1991:
chung juan
zhongruan
daruan
Russian horn
under Horn band (hunting horns; the instruments, later described as Russian horns largely straight with a wide conical bore and were played with a cupped trumpet-type mouthpiece; each player sounded only one note)
ryūteki
under Solmization/Japan (ryūteki (flute), wind section of the gagaku orchestra)
(called also ōteki or simply fue; finger holes)
H. De Ferranti, Japanese mus. insts., p. 58
sackbut
sackbut (term used from the late 15th century to the 18th for a brass instrument operated using a telescopic slide, i.e. the Trombone; has appeared in a variety of spellings (e.g. in England, ‘sagbut’, ‘shakbush’ and ‘shagbut’); English term used until the 18th century for trombone)
sagbut
shakbush
shagbut
A brass instrument operated using a telescopic slide that was generally used in the 15th-18th centuries.
salō̜
(Salō̜; Sà láw)
under Thailand, II, 1 (two-string spike fiddle with separate bow and coconut shell resonator)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Aug. 31, 2001:
sà láw
A Thai two-string spike fiddle with a separate bow and coconut shell resonator.
saluang
insert, p. 11 (Here we introduce the music of the Minangkabau, whose home is in Propinsi Sumatera Barat - the Province of West Sumatra)
v. 3, p. 287 (Open end-blown bamboo flute of Minangkabau, West Sumatra)
v. 4, p. 610 (The end-blown bamboo flute (saluang) is prominent throughout the Minangkabau heartland)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, 1998:
An Indonesian open end-blown bamboo flute.
sambuca lincea
(Enharmonic harpsichord or arcicembalo ... also known as a pentacontachordon)
pentacontachordon
sampler
Schäfer, H.J. Key report : das Nachschlagewerk für Synthesizer und Sampler, c1992.
Sampler; sound sampler (electronic musical instrument that has no sound of its own, but whose sounds are entirely derived from recordings; part of a digital recording process; the term recently additionally applied to earlier analog instruments based on any form of recording mechanism)
New Grove dict. of mus. online (Feb. 26, 2002):
p. 1 (sampling is the art of recording, editing, and storing any recordable sound in a computerized digital format to be played back through a special computerized keyboard called a sampler)
sound sampler
An electronic musical instrument that has no sound of its own, and whose sounds are entirely derived from recordings.
sanxian
(Sanxian, long-necked lute of the Han Chinese, popularly called xianzi)
(San hsien, long-necked lute of China, also called hsien tse)
v. 7, p. 312 (sanxian; a three-stringed plucked lute; used in Buddhist rituals; China)
(Chinese long-necked lute)
xianzi
xian ze
hsien tse
sanshin
sanshin (three-stringed lute; played with a single small fingerpick made from buffalo horn rather than a plectrum; now played primarily in folk-music styles, was an instrument of the Okinawan court music tradition until the Meiji period)
H. De Ferranti, Japanese mus. insts., p. 88-90:
v. 7, p. 789 (sanshin; most important instrument in the Ryûkyû Islands; three-stringed, long-necked plucked lute)
(Jamisen)
Tokubetsuten sanshin meiki 100-chō ten, 1988.
(sanshin; plucked lute of Okinawa and Amami; often called jabisen on mainland; developed into shamisen)
jabisen
jamisen
santūr
(Sanṭūr: box zither of the Middle East, the Caucasus, southeastern Europe and South Asia; played by striking the strings with two hammers held in three fingers of each hand)
v. 6, p. 411 (sanṭūr; table zither used in the Arab world; mentioned in the Old Testament as the sintir; probably derived from an ancient Babylonian horizontal harp that was struck with two sticks, as the modern instrument still is; was popular in Spain and known in North Africa and Egypt; today only used in Iraq) v. 5, p. 339 (santūr; Hindustani box zither with parallel front and back, and sides at forty-five degree angles to the longer front)
program notes (Santoor is a trapezoid-shaped instrument of the dulcimer family)
Sharma, S.K. The golden heritage [SR] p1997:
(Dulcimer of the Middle East, south-eastern Europe and South and East Asia. It is used in Iran, Iraq, India, Kashmir, Turkey, Greece, Armenia, China and Tibet.)
santoor
sintir (dulcimer)
santir
A trapezoidal dulcimer of Asia and the Balkans.
sáo
under Vietnam (The sáo or địch (from the Chinese di) is a transverse bamboo flute with six finger-holes and an additional hole covered with a thin membrane, which acts as a mirliton)
p. 475 (Sáo; horizontal bamboo flute, Vietnam)
sapeh
(sapeh: plucked lute of the Kenyan and Kenyah peoples of Sarawak, Malaysia)
Masters of the Sarawakian sape [SR] c1999.
v. 4, p. 834 (sapeh, a famous plucked lute in Sarawak and East Kalimantan; also known as sape, sambe, sampi,́ sapi, sampeh, and sampeq)
sampeh
sampeq
sapi
sampiʹ
sambe
sape
sāraṅgī
(Sārangī)
(Sarangi)
(Sāraṅgī; short-necked fiddle of South Asia)
v. 6, p. 338 (sāran.gī; North India, Hindustani; bowed chordophone; concert sāran.gī is carved from a single block of wood, has a waisted skin-covered belly, a short wide fretless neck, three main playing strings made of gut, and as many as thirty-six sympathetic strings; held vertically, resting on the floor;played with an arched bow held in an underhand grip)
sāran.gī
sārindā
(Sārindā)
disc label (qeychak) container (solo qeychak performance of dastgahs Afshari and Chāhārgāh)
Shirafkan, Nasim. Solo qeychak (LCCN 2019619566), 2018:
Sārindā (Sārindā (qeychak, sarang, sarinda, sorud, soruz); double-chested fiddle of Afghanistan (used by the Pashtun and Baluchi people) and South Asia; "only the lower section is covered with a skin soundtable"; "the sārindā type is widespread from eastern Iran (the sorud) to North-East India") Iran. III. Regional and popular traditions. 3. Instruments and ensembles ("Baluchistan has four distinctive chordophones, the most important being the sorud or qeychak, a double-chested fiddle with a skin soundtable over the lower section, four melodic strings and four to ten sympathetic strings")
(Sārindā; double-chested fiddle of Afghanistan and South Asia)
v. 6, p. 345 (sārindā; South Asia; bowed lute; distinctive deep-waisted double belly and a deep, arched back; vertical playing position; folk instrument)
information from Islamabad Overseas Office (Sārindā)
Work cat.: 2005309170: Sarhadi, Munir. Folk fiesta, 2005:
sarang
sorud
qeychak
soruz
sarod
sarod (Double-chested plucked lute, without frets, of northern South Asia; one of the most important instruments of Hindustani music)
v. 6, p. 336 (sarod; one of North India's most prominent concert instruments today; a short fretless plucked lute)
A South Asian short fretless plucked lute.
sarrusophone
sarrusophone (brass instrument of conical bore, played with a double reed. The complete family comprises the sopranino in E♭, soprano in B♭, alto (mezzo-soprano) in E♭, tenor in B♭, baritone in E♭, bass in B♭, and contrabasses in E♭, C, and B♭)
(sarrusophone: a brass inst. of conical bore, played with a double reed)
A brass instrument played with a double reed.
saùng-gauk
p. 386 (Coṅʻʺ kokʻ same as Coṅʻʺ)
Judson's Burmese English dictionary, 1953:
Burma 5. Burmese harp (Saùng-gauk) (Highly decorated 14-string Saùng-gauk (Old Burmese coǹ))
Williamson, M.C. The Burmese harp, c2000.
(Horizontal arched harp of Burma)
Bha Sanʻʺ. Gīta nhaṅʻʹ bhava ʾa tveʹ ʾa kruṃ, 1987.
Tsaung (Slender ... arched harp of Burma)
coṅʻʺ
tsaung
coṅʻʺ kokʻ
Burmese harp
saxhorn (family of valved brass instruments developed by Adolphe Sax at his workshops in Paris in the 1840s and 50s)
sax horn
saxoflute
(Toy Musical Instrument features 15 durable pieces that easily connect to form a wide variety of musical instruments. Build your own trumpet, saxophone, flute or any other wild creation you can dream up.)
A toy wind instrument consisting of 15 pieces that can be connected in various ways.
saxophone (single-reed wind instrument invented by the Belgian-born maker Adolphe Sax in about 1840; originally intended the instrument for use in orchestras and military bands; combines a single-reed mouthpiece with a wide-bore conical tube of metal.)
subcontrabass saxophone
(Ṭanbūr. Nowadays the term ṭanbūr is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked lutes used in art and folk traditions. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms. Saz is applied in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Syria, western Iraq and south-eastern Europe (also tambura))
(Saz)
(Saz. This term is most widely applied to long-necked fretted lutes found in the Caucasus, Turkey, south-eastern Europe and neighbouring areas including northern Syria and northern Iran. It is often used loosely, sometimes differentiating a different type of long-necked lute, or as an alternative appellation for ṭanbūr)
sēmantron
entry for Semantron (Semantron, or semandron or semanterion; also called a xylon; Romanian: toacă; Russian: bilo; Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, klepalo; Arabic: nāqūs; percussion instrument used in monasteries to summon the monks to prayer or at the start of a procession; the instrument is described as wooden (plank or timber block) or metal, and struck with one or more hammers)
(Sēmantron (sēmandron, sēmantēr, sēmantērion, sēmanthron, simandron) wooden sounding-board or metal sounding-plate suspended and struck rapidly with a hammer; served as a call to prayer)
entry for Sēmantron ("Greek term, equivalent to klepalo (or variants) in Slav languages, for a wooden sounding-board or metal sounding-plate ... suspended and struck rapidly with a hammer ... It served universally as a call to prayer until it was supplanted (from the 7th century) in the West by the church bell. It is still used instead of, or in addition to, a bell in some Orthodox and other eastern Christian churches, especially monasteries") entry for Coptic church music--6. Musical instruments (nāqūs: small ebony bar sometimes used in monasteries; notes also, however, that the term, which is Arabic for "bell," is also mentioned in Coptic liturgical books to specify instrumental accompaniment, but such accompaniment "has long since disappeared from the rite and is not known today")
slipcase (klepala [plural]; klepalo [singular]; = semantron ("sounding-board struck with a mallet before church services"))
(Semanterion, wooden percussion board struck with a hammer)
p. 4 (Term sēmantron in Greek liturgy is equivalent to bilo in Russian Orthodox liturgy)
Sharikov, V.G. Ispolʹzovanie bil v pravoslavnom zvone, 1996:
toacă
nāqūs (sēmantron)
sēmantērion
sēmanthron
sēmantēr
klepalo
sēmandron
simandron
A wooden percussion board struck with a hammer and used as a call to prayer.
sequencer
CIP galley, p. 6 (used as performance recorder, music programmer, MIDI sequence recorder, MIDI sequencer)
sequencer (electronic device that creates automated repeatable sequences of sound)
(Sequencer)
An electronic device that creates repeatable sequences of sound.
serpent
serpent (lip-energized wind instrument with side holes and a cup-shaped mouthpiece, sometimes called the ‘bass of the cornett family’.)
Serpent (Fr. serpent; Ger. Serpent, Schlangenrohr; It. serpentone); lip-energized wind instrument with side holes and a cup-shaped mouthpiece sometimes called the 'bass of the cornett family'; in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification the serpent is ranked as a trumpet; consists of a sinuous conical tube about 2·13 metres long; inserted into its smaller end is a right-angled metal crook; mouthpiece is generally of ivory or horn and is similar to that of the bass trombone; later mouthpiece was made of brass; the instrument was nearly always made of wood, usually walnut); used originally in church music, later in military bands until superseded by upright models and modern valved brass)
Schlangenrohr
serpentone
setār (Iranian instrument)
container (sétâr) insert (setar is a four-stringed lute of the Tanbur family)
Musique iranienne, improvisations [SR] 1995:
(Setār [saitār, sehtār, setā, setór, sihtār]. Persian word, meaning "three strings", used in Iran for a lute of the Ṭanbūr family with a small body, a long neck and four metal strings (three until the middle of the 19th century))
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Nov. 25, 2008
(Setār; Persian word, meaning "three strings", used in Iran for a lute of the tanbūr family; mostly solo or used to acc. singers; in Baluchistan the setār is larger; also in Tajikistan and Kashmir)
saitār
setór
sehtār
sihtār
setā
An Iranian four-stringed plucked long-necked lute.
shakuhachi
shakuhachi (End-blown Notched flute of Japan. The modern standard version has four finger-holes and one thumb-hole.)
v. 7, p. 701 (syakuhati (shakuhachi); end-blown bamboo flute; has five finger holes (four at the front and one at the back) and a notched blowing edge cut into the upper end)
syakuhati
shamisen
v. 5, p. 340 (śahnāī; North Indian shawm or oboe; a double cane reed attaches to a thin metal tube that is inserted in the top of the wooden body; the body is slightly flared, and has a metal bell-shaped lower end and fingerholes without keys)
shamisen (Japanese three-string fretless plucked lute. In the Kansai area of Kyoto and Osaka it is called samisen and as part of koto chamber music it is often known as sangen)
samisen
sangen
A Japanese three-stringed fretless plucked lute.
shawm
(chalmeye, shalme, chalmie, shalmuse; double-reed woodwind instrument, made in sizes from high soprano to low bass, extensively used in European music from the late 13th century to the 17th)
shawm (woodwind instrument, usually with a double reed. The term ‘shawm’ has developed more than one meaning; since Hornbostel and Sachs...it has been used as a generic term denoting both single-reed and double-reed aerophones, but in organological literature it is applied for the sake of precision to double-reed instruments only)
(Bombarde: folk shawm of Brittany)
(scalmuse, shalm, shalmie, schalmuse; under Bombarde (i): term for various types of shawm)
New Grove dict. of music online, March 27, 2001
shalme
pommer
bombarde (shawm)
chalumeau (shawm)
schalmei
shalmie
shalmuse
schalmuse
chalmeye
shalm
chalmie
scalmuse
śahnāī
(Śahnāī, sanāī, shahnāī, shehnāī)
(shahnai, shanai)
Chaturvedi, B.K. How to play flute and shanai, 1988
under Śahnāī (Conical shawm of North India)
shahnāī
shanai
surnai
shehnai
sanāī
sānāyī
sheng
sheng (Mouth organ of the Han Chinese; especially prevalent in north and central-eastern China)
shinobue
Work cat.: Ōsei Sanshi. Shinobue dikushū no tomo, 1984
(shinobue; shino; takebue; Japanese transverse bamboo flute)
shinobue (side-blown flute of narrow bamboo; both six- and seven-hole shinobue exist)
De Ferranti, H. Jpnse. mus. insts., p. 56:
shino
takebue
shō
(free-reed mouth organ of the modern gagaku ensemble; formal name, hōshō)
De Ferranti, H. Jpnse. mus. insts., p. 64:
(shō; Japanese mouth organ; descended from the Chinese sheng; used in various genres of gagaku (court music))
shofar
shofar (ram's horn of the Bible;ancient Jewish liturgical instrument that is still in use)
(Shofar)
t.p. (the laws of shofar)
(Ram's horn)
(Shofar, with ref. from Shophar)
ram's horn
shudraga
shudraga (Mongolian lute; three-string, fretless)
(Shandze, Mongolian chordophone of Chinese origin; corresponds to the san hsieu; plucked with a plectrum or bare fingers)
Shanz khȯgzhim sural͡tsagchdad tuslamzh, 1960.
(shudraga [shidurgu, shandz]: Mongolian lute)
p. 1, etc. (Śanja; also called Śudurġu; Mongolian 3-stringed plectral instrument; closely related to the Chinese san xian)
Dashdulam, T͡S. Shudraga khȯgzhmiĭn surakh, 1975.
shandze
śhuduġu
shidurgu
shandz
shanz
śanja
page 19 (singing membranes (kazoos); the membrane is made to vibrate by speaking or singing into it; the membrane does not yield a note of its own but merely modifies to voice; Europe, W. Africa)
Hornbostel, E. M. and Sachs, C. Classification of musical instruments:

A membrane made to vibrate by speaking or singing into it.

signer
one who uses sign language
siku
(Siku, sicu, sico, South Andean panpipes; Zampoña (2) Andean panpipes)
(sicu also siku: the Bolivian panpipe)
p. 28 (called siku in the native Aymara and Quechua languages; also known by the word zampoña, a Spanish generic term)
Work cat.: Valencia Chacón, A. El siku o zampoña, 1989:
zampoña
sicu
sico
simsimīyya
Work cat.: 2004345229: Sattātī, ʻIṣām. al-Simsimīyah bayna al-wāqiʻ wa-al-usṭūrah, 2003.
(singing bowls; also known as Tibetan singing bowls, rin gongs, Himalayan bowls or suzu gongs; a standing bell; sits with the bottom surface resting; sides and rim vibrate to produce sound characterized by a fundamental frequency and usually two audible harmonic overtones; used worldwide for meditation, music, relaxation, and personal well-being; historically made throughout Asia, especially Nepal, China and Japan; played by striking the rim of the bowl with a padded mallet; can also be played by the friction of rubbing a wood, plastic, or leather wrapped mallet around the rim of the bowl to emphasize the harmonic overtones and a continuous 'singing' sound)
(Simsimīyya [semsemiyya, sumsumīyya]. Bowl or box lyre with five strings, found in Egypt (from the Suez area to Sinai), Saudi Arabia (the Red Sea coast) and South Yemen (where it has six strings). This instrument is smaller than the tanbura.)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, June, 21, 2004
(Simsimijah, 5-stringed lyre of the Egyptian fellahin, sometimes also called tanbur)
Marcuse, I. Musical instruments : a comprehensive dictionary, 1964
(Bowl or box lyre with five strings, found in Egypt (from the Suez area to Sinai), Saudi Arabia (the Red Sea coast) and South Yemen (where it has six strings; smaller than the ṭanbūra.))
semsemiyya
semsemiya
simsimīyah
simsimijah
sumsumīyya
singing (the use of the vocal mechanism to produce musical tone)
Oxford companion to music, viewed October 11, 2013:
vocalist

A performer who uses his or her voice to produce musical tone. For an unspecified vocalized part see [voice.]

voice
singing bowl
(singing bowl; singing bowls)
(basins or pottery of various sizes, handmade of an alloy of different metals; manufactured and traded in the Himalayas by a travelling caste of smiths; used as vessels to cook, as offering bowls, as beat instruments, and for meditation or relaxation)
Work cat.: 2002287252: Verbeke, G. Singing bowls, c2000
(in lists of works: Tibetan singing bowl; Tibetan singing bowls)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Dec. 30, 2002
New Harvard dict. mus.;Garland encyc. world mus.;Baker's music dict.;Oxf. comp. mus.;Web. 3;Amer. heritage dict., 3rd ed.
bowl, Himalayan
Himalayan bowl
Tibetan singing bowl
rin gong
bowl, singing
suzu gong
gong, suzu
gong, rin
A Himalayan metal bowl that is generally struck or rubbed with a padded mallet.
Reed (the single beating reed, typified by that of the clarinet or saxophone; a tapered piece of cane fastened at its thicker end with cord or a metal ligature to a mouthpiece that is roughly conical with a flat ‘table’ tangential to the base)
Grove music online, viewed October 11, 2013:
sistro
(sistro (timpano musicale); series of small mushroom-shaped bells mounted in a frame on a handle; compass, akin to the glockenspiel, ranges from one to three octaves, with the bells mounted diagonically in a single row, or chromatically in two rows)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Dec. 20, 2002
sistro (said to have been invented by G.B. Ariosti)
timpano musicale
A series of small mushroom-shaped bells mounted in a frame on a handle.
sistrum
sistrum (sliding rattle in the shape of a spur (classified as an Idiophone))
sitar
sitar (Large, fretted long-necked lute; prominent instrument of the classical music of the northern and central regions of South Asia)
setar (sitar)
citara
siter
(Siter, a central Javanese board zither)
Work cat.: Pengenalan terhadap cengkok siteran, 1990.
(Siter ... a plucked string instrument with oblong box resonator)
Northern Illinois University WWW, Aug. 28, 2006
sĭyotanka
container (S̳iyótanka; Native American flute, of red cedar heartwood)
Work cat.: Nakai, R.C. Changes [SR] p1985:
(Sĭyotanka; large wooden courting flute of the Sioux Indians of the northern Plains area of the USA)
skrzypce
label (Diabelskie skrzypce) container (Devil's fiddle)
Work cat.: Hiller, L.A. Retrospective 1949-1981 [SR] p1984:
under Violin/Extra-European and Folk Usage (The violin is the most popular folk instrument in Poland. The skrzypce is made by villagers themselves out of a single piece of wood, apart from the soundboard, and has three or four strings)
(Diable skrzype; Devil's fiddle)
(Diabelskie skrzypce; Devil's violin)
diabelskie skrzypce
diable skrzype
devil's fiddle
fiddle, devil's
devil's violin
slit drum
slit drum (occur in several distinct regions of the world)
(slit-drum; an idiophone percussion tube or percussion vessel; not a true drum; the orchestral woodblock is a small slit-drum)
p. 6, etc. (slit drums, slit drum)
Work cat.: 95-115352: Armenteros, I. The sound of wood, c1994:
A hollowed-out piece of wood with one or more slits.
snare drum
(Snare drum; known as side drum in England)
Portugal, Republic of (snare drum (caixa); two skins with one or two sympathetic strings) Brazil (snare drums (known as caixa))
(Side drum; snare drum; caisse claire)
Work cat.: Huber, N.A. Dasselbe ist nicht dasselbe, c1979.
snare drum (Side drum with snares)
side drum
caixa
sō̜ dūang
under Thailand, Kingdom of (two-string, high-pitched, bowed lute, made of wood)
(Sō̜ dūang)
(Sō̜ dūang; Saw dûa-ng)
saw dûa-ng
sō̜ sām sāi
(Sō̜ sām sāi; Saw-sǎ-m sǎi)
(Sō̜ sām sāi; 3 stringed unfretted spike fiddle)
under Thailand, Kingdom of (three-string fiddle sō̧ sām sāi with a coconut-shell soundbox covered with cow- or goat-skin and without a soundhole)
saw-sǎ-m sǎi
sō̜ ū
(Sō̜ ū)
Thailand I/1/ii (low-pitched bowed lute, decoratively carved soundholes and a soundbox of coconut-shell, the front of which is covered with calfskin)
(Sō̜ ʻū; Saw û)
under Vietnam, Socialist Republic of (bowed stringed instrument; the Laotian so u) under Thailand, Kingdom of (low-pitched fiddle; bowed lute, the low-pitched sō̧ ū)
saw û
software sampler
p. xiv (one of the most powerful software samplers on the market)
Work cat.: 2005929827: Das, D. Kontakt 2 power!, 2006:
(Software sampler; similar to a software synthesizer, but whereas a software synthesizer generates sounds algorithmically from mathematically-described tones or short-term waveforms (i.e., less than 100ms in length), a software sampler always reproduces samples, often much longer than a second, as the first step of its algorithm.)
sampler software
music sampler software
soft sampler
sopranino recorder
under Recorder (Sopranino ([lowest note] f″); music is customarily written an octave below sounding pitch)
sopranino saxophone
sopranino saxophone (highest instrument of the saxophone family, normally pitched in E♭)
soprano recorder
under recorder (descant; known in the USA as the ‘soprano’; lowest note c″)
Grove music online, viewed October 15, 2013:
descant recorder
soprano saxophone
soprano saxophone (The soprano instrument of the saxophone family, normally pitched in B♭)
soprano voice
(soprano; generally refers directly to the singer; with female voices, frequently modified to describe the specific type of voice, such as ‘lyric soprano’ or ‘dramatic soprano’; also used for a boy's treble voice (‘boy soprano’) and in the 17th and 18th centuries was used for the adult male castrato with a high range; range between c′ and a″)
Grove music online, viewed October 15, 2013
soprano (singer)
sordellina
(Sordellina, [Surdellina], a complex bellow-blown bagpipe described by Mersenne ... as a Neapolitan invention. An elaboration of the Zampogna)
(Sordellina, a type of Italian drawing-room bagpipe)
Baldano, G.L. Libro per scriver l'intavolatura per sonare sopra le sordelline, 1995
under Bagpipe (A complex bellows-blown elaboration of the zampogna was described by Mersenne as a Neapolitan invention, sordellina, with numerous closed keys on the drones somewhat similar to the Irish regulators)
surdellina
sound effects
(Sounds and noises, primarily percussive, included in dramatic or musical performances. They range from sounds made off-stage in theatre, film and television productions to the many uses by composers of noise-making objects that would not normally be regarded as musical instruments)
Sounds and noises, primarily percussive that are often produced by noise-making objects not normally regarded as musical instruments.
sousaphone
(sousaphone: a type of bass tuba used mainly in marching bands, named after John Philip Sousa)
speaker
orator
narrator
reader
A performer who uses a speaking voice, rather than a singing voice, in a non-dramatic work. For an actor in a non-singing role who is required for the performance of a musical composition with dramatic elements see [actor.]
spinet
(spinet; a small keyboard instrument with a plucking mechanism; a smaller variety of harpsichord; almost invariably with one keyboard and a single set of strings and jacks; in preferred current usage, ‘spinet’ refers to an instrument whose strings run diagonally from left to right instead of directly away from the player as in a harpsichord or transversely as in a virginal; during the 1930s in the USA, the term ‘spinet’ was also applied to miniature upright pianos)
Grove music online, viewed October 16, 2013
spoken chorus
An ensemble of performers who use a speaking voice rather than a singing voice.
square piano
(Square pianoforte. A piano with a horizontal string arrangement, usually in a rectangular case, although the term is also used for some pianos that are in the form of a harp lying on its side, reflecting the decrease of string length from bass to treble in the case outlines. From its invention in the mid-18th century, and throughout most of the 19th, the square piano was the most common domestic keyboard instrument)
(Square piano. A piano having a horizontal frame, an oblong case, and strings parallel with the keyboard)
Work cat.: Goold, M. Mr. Langshaw's square piano, 2008.
square pianoforte
steel band
Stuempfle, S. The Steelband movement, c1995.
(An ensemble of tuned percussion instruments made from pans or oildrums (i.e. steel drums), with a few rhythm instruments)
Steelbands of Trinidad and Tobago [SR] 1989.
(ensemble of tuned idiophones called ‘pans’ (also ‘steel pans’ or ‘steel drums’) that originated in the late 1930s on the island of Trinidad as accompaniment to carnival masquerade. The modern steel band consists of a variety of chromatically tuned instruments made from 55-gallon oildrums and played with rubber-tipped mallets, as well as an ‘engine room’ comprising drum kit, congas, irons (motor vehicle brake drums) and other percussion)
tinpanny
steelband
steel orchestra
An ensemble consisting of steel drums and rhythm instruments.
steel drum
Work cat.: 93218641: Kronman, U. Steel pan tuning, 1992, c1991.
(Steel drum; Tambour d'acier (Fr.); Trinidad-Gongtrommel (Ger.); Tambour d'acciaio (It.); a tuned idiophone usually made from an oil drum; developed in Trinidad in the 1930s and 1940s; played in a steel band. Under steel band: an ensemble of tuned percussion instruments made from pans or oildrums)
pan, steel
pan, soprano
drum, steel
tenor pan
soprano pan
bass pan
steel pan
sticcado pastorale
(Sticcado pastorale: this small xylophone-type instrument with glass or wood bars enjoyed a short-lived popularity in England towards the end of the 18th century, where two or three instruction books and anthologies of music for it were published; the instrument's inventor, George Smart, published an instruction book himself, in which (despite the 'harmonica' first name in the title) he consistently names it 'sticcado pastorale'; it was also sometimes simply called 'sticcado')
Information from Peter Ward Jones, Bodleian Music Subject Librarian, July 11, 2006
(Sticcado pastorale)
Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, a comprehensive dictionary, 1964
New and compleat instructions for the staccato-pastorella, ca. 1780.
(Sticcado pastrole. A percussion idiophone made of glass (a crystallophone). The only known maker of these instruments is the publisher George Smart (d. London, ca. 1805))
Smart, G. New and complete instructions for the harmonica, or sticcado pastorale, ca. 1775.
sticcado
staccato-pastorella
sticcado-pastrole
(stick zither: chordophone consisting of a stick bearing a string)
Work cat.: 95944656: Pǣng Nōčhā phū mī phonngān dīdēn thāng dān watthanatham sākhā sinlapa kānsadǣeng dontrī phư̄nbān phin pīa, 1995.

A chordophone consisting of a stick bearing a string.

string band
string band (Any ensemble consisting largely or wholly of string instruments. The string-band tradition is an independent one that has developed in parallel with jazz, and the characteristic types of ensemble have their roots in blues, ragtime, and society music from the turn of the century. Later influences have been elements of gypsy and Eastern European music; New Harv. under Bluegrass music (Bluegrass is typically performed by a "string band" consisting of a combination of non-electric instruments such as violin, mandolin, guitar, five-string banjo, and double bass, with some or all of the instruentalists also singing.)
An ensemble consisting largely or wholly of string instruments and often associated with jazz music.
string instrument ensemble
strings
string ensemble
stringed instrument ensemble

A mixed or unspecified ensemble of bowed string instruments.

string instrument (Instruments sounded by striking, plucking, rubbing, or (rarely) blowing strings, which are most commonly made of gut, silk, metal, or such synthetic materials as nylon. In Western orchestral and conservatory usage, the ‘strings’ consist of instruments of the violin family and the double bass, and also such plucked instruments as the guitar and harp.)
stringed instrument
chordophone

An unspecified string instrument. For an unspecified string instrument played with a bow see [bowed string instrument.]

string orchestra
(string orchestra; an orchestra composed solely or primarily of instruments from the string family; can be of chamber orchestra size ranging from between 12 and 21 musicians, sometimes performing without a conductor, or consist of the entire string section of a large symphony orchestra, which could have 60 musicians)
Wikipedia WWW site, viewed October 17, 2013
An orchestra consisting solely or primarily of string instruments.
page 14 (struck idiophones; the instrument is made to vibrate by being struck upon)
Struck string instruments page (In struck string instruments the sound is produced by the string being hit with a mallet or hammer)
Folk and ethnic musical instruments WWW site, viewed October 30, 2013:
suifūkin
(from illustrations, a type of flute)
suling
(Suling)
Work cat.: Harrison, L. Music [SR] p1981
(Suling. Bamboo ring flute of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the southern Philippines)
su̜ng
(Su̜ng: plucked lute, with four strings, of Thailand)
under Süng (Northeast Thailand; lute, occasionally the term refers to p'in (pin))
Kaufmann, W. Sel.mus.trms for non-Western cultures;
(Súng; Serng)
serng
suo na
(suona: su-na: oboe of the Han Chinese)
sona
wa wa erh
su-na
chi na
so la
ta ti
hiang te
wu li wa
suona
la pa
šupeljka
p. 339-345 (Šupelka, labial transverse flute; played by Macedonians, Turks, and Albanians in Macedonia)
Džimrevski, Borivoje. Šupelkata vo Makedonija, 2000:
(Šupeljka; end-blown flute of south-east Yugoslavia; open on both ends and has 6 finger holes; 25 cm long in Macedonia; 45 cm long in Kosovo and Montenegro; pastoral instrument; played solo in Montenegro and Macedonia, and in pairs in Kosovo)
(Šupelka; end-blown flute of shepherds in Yugo, Macedonia, also known in Bulgaria, made preferably of boxwood)
šupelka
surbahar
label (Surbahar recital)
Khan, I. Brilliance of Irshad Khan [SR] p1986:
(Sūrbahār, large plucked lute of north Indian classical music, effectively a bass sitar)
surdo
under Brazil (caixa-surda or surdo; double-headed snare drum of European origin used in traditional music)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Jan. 18, 2006:
(surdo: 819,000 hits; caixa-surda: 300 hits)
caixa-surda
svirala
(Svirala, generic term for flutes of Serbia, called jedina in N. Croatia and Slavonia, and duduk in W. Serbia.)
(Svirala, shepherd's pipe)
(Svirala, common term for the end-blown duct flute of Yugoslavia (Serbia, Bosnia, and Hercegovina, Montenegro and some parts of Croatia), known also as frula, sviraja, žvegljica, jedinka, or jednojka)
frula
jednojka
svirale
žvegljica
duduk (duct flute)
jedina
jedinka
sviraja
(A synthesizer (often abbreviated "synth") is an electronic instrument capable of producing sounds by generating electrical signals of different frequencies.)
(An instrument that produces sounds, modifies them, and in some circumstances orders them in time by purely electronic means.)
(A term that may be used to describe any grouping of electronic devices for the purposes of sound synthesis.)
Oxford companion to mus. WWW site, Jul. 1, 2011:
(Synthesizer [synthesiser]: electronic instrument, usually incorporating a keyboard; some earlier electronic instruments that were called "synthesizer" are better classified as composition machines, as their sounds are not produced in real time)
(Ethnomusicological recourse to sound-synthesizer technology ...)
musical synthesizer
music synthesizer
synthesiser
sound synthesizer
synth

An electronic instrument capable of producing sounds by generating electrical signals of different frequencies.

tʻaepʻyŏngso
(tʾaepʾyŏngso; also called hojŏk, swaenap, or nallari; conical wooden oboe of Korea, related to the Chinese suona)
(Conical wooden double-reed pipe of Korea; also called hojŏk, swaenap or (onomatopoeically) nallari; about 47 cm long, eight finger-holes, the second of which is in the rear.)
hojŏk
swaenap
saenap
nallari
tabla
tabla (Asymmetrical pair of small, tuned, hand-played drums of North and Central India, Pakistan and Bangladesh; the principal drums of modern Hindustani music.)
tabala
A pair of small, tuned, hand-played drums from South Asia.
tabor
Work cat.: 95123126: La gaita y el tamboril, 1989.
under pipe and tabor (A shallow English snare drum, smaller than the similar French tambourin, played in combination with a 3-hole duct flute by one person to provide music for dancing)
taiko
label (taiko)
p. 39 (Taiko: a large flat drum with two skin heads, hung in a frame on a stand)
Kishibe, S. The traditional music of Japan, 1982:
v. 3, p. 501 (taiko; generic term for all Japanese drums; commonly applied only to cylindrical or barrel drums) v. 9, p. 519 (Japan, III, 3: Theatre and court; The taiko is a shallow barrel drum with two cowhide heads)
taiko (drum ensemble)
Varian, Heidi. The way of taiko, 2005: ECIP foreword (Taiko is a Japanese drum; also a drumming performance ensemble)
(An ensemble using mainly indigenous Japanese percussion instruments for performance on the stage)
An ensemble consisting mainly of indigenous Japanese percussion instruments.
talharpa
v. 8, p. 406 (talharpa; Swedish-Estonian bowed lyre)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, 2000:
tam-tam
under Gong (The instrument seen most frequently in the Western orchestra is the large flat gong with a shallow lip and of indefinite pitch. Instruments of this type were originally imported only from China and are universally known by the original name ‘tam-tam’)
(tam-tam)
(tam-tam; a term of Malayan origin, used for the gong of indefinite pitch in Western orchestras)
tamtam
ṭambal
(ṭambal; Romanian duclimer played in the taraf ensemble)
Grove music online, viewed October 18, 2013
tambi
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Feb. 24, 2003
(illustrates one-stringed (lilltambi) and two-stringed (tambi) plucked instrument with flat bridge and frets for C major scale on one string and chromatic intervals on second string)
55048210: Lindgren, B. Tambimetoden, 19-
tamboril
(tambourine, tabor)
Nôvo michaelis, dicionário ilustrado, 2. ed.
tamboril (name of various single- or double-headed drums of Spain and Latin America)
(a term for various single or double-headed drums of Spain and Latin America)
p. 27-97 (a 2-headed drum pictured with a single snare, most examples similar to but smaller than the French tambourin and larger than the English tabor; beaten with the right hand as the player fingers a small duct flute (gaita, flaviol, etc.) with the left hand; the word tamboril is not specifically identified as a Portuguese term)
tambou
tambou (type of drum known in the French Carribean; A hollowed out tree trunk covered in animal skin)
Berrian, B., Awakening Spaces: French Caribbean Popular Songs, Music, and Culture, p. 209:
New Grove dict. mus. instr.;Marcuse. Mus. instr.
A French Caribbean drum formed from a hollowed out tree trunk covered in animal skin.
tambourin
tambourin (de Provence), tambourin provençal (double-headed drum from Provence in the form of a large tabor with a long cylindrical body and a single snare on the upper head ... the variant forms tabour and its diminutive tabourin are also found in medieval sources)
Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Feb. 5, 2009:
Provence, tambourin de
tabourin
tambourin provençal
provençal, tambourin
tabour
tambourin de Provence
A double-headed snare drum from Provence. For the single-headed frame drum, usually with jingles hanging loosely from openings in the shell, see [tambourine.]
tambourine
tambourine (Hornbostel-Sachs classification; 112.122 [shaken idiophone--sliding rattle], sometimes including 211.311 [Membranophone--Frame drum--Single-skin frame drum])
Garland encyc. of world music. South America, Mexico, Central America & the Caribbean, p. 309 (tambourine (pandeiro, often known as adufo in some rural areas)
tambourine (small single-headed frame drum of Middle Eastern origin (it is classified as a Membranophone; consists of a shallow ring of wood, covered on one side with parchment (or a plastic material). With isolated exceptions small metal discs called jingles (and occasionally small bells), arranged singly or in pairs, hang loosely in openings in the shell. In the modern European form the head is nailed to the shell)
tambur de basque
adufo
pandeiro
basque, tambour de
A small single-headed frame drum, usually with jingles hanging loosely from openings in the shell. For the double-headed snare drum from Provence see [tambourin.]
tambūrā (drone lute)
(Tambūrā (tambūrī, tampūrī, tānpūrā). A term for long-necked plucked drone lutes of South Asia, found in both art and traditional musics.)
container (tanpura)
tamboura
tanpūrā
pandur
tambūrī
tampūrī
A South Asian long-necked plucked drone lute.
tambura (fretted lute)
Work cat.: 2009535156: Njikoš, J. Glazbena literatura za tamburaške orkestre, 2007.
(Ṭanbūr. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms. Saz is applied in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Syria, western Iraq and south-eastern Europe (also tambura))
labels (uz pratnju tamburica [in rom.] = [with tamburica accompaniment])
Mesečina divno sja; Dockan pođjoh iz Novoga Sada, 1913:
(Bosnia. Musical instruments. A variety of long-necked lutes, generically referred to as tambura, reached Bosnia from the East during the Ottoman period)
labels (Serbian tambouritza orchestra)
(Tambura; general name for several long-necked lutes of Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkey, with an oval or elongated resonator and slender neck. The neck carries between 12 and 18 frets, arranged diatonically or chromatically)
(numerous references to tambura, tamburica, especially in reference to Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, v. 8: Europe / Rice, Porter, and Goertzen, 2000
tamburitza
tamburica
tambouritza
tambura (fretted lute) ensemble
under Bosnia-Hercegovina, II, 4 (in Bosnia and Croatia, ensembles of long-necked lutes adjusted to the Western tempered system and fashioned in many different sizes and registers; led to the formation of tambura orchestras or tamburaški orkestri)
New Grove dict. of music online, May 7, 2008:
caption (za mjesǒviti pjevacǩi zbor i tamboraški orkestar)
An ensemble consisting of two or more tamburas.
ṭanbūr
(Ṭanbūr (or Ṭambūr) is applied to a variety of distinct and related long-necked lutes used in art and folk traditions. Similar or identical instruments are also known by other terms. Saz (Persian: 'instrument') is applied in the Caucasus, Turkey, northern Syria, western Iraq and south-eastern Europe (also tambura).)
label (tanbura)
2004335007: Tanbura music of the Gulf, 2002:
booklet (tanbur [used in both English and French]: an ancient Persian and Kurdish lute)
tanbura (lute)
tanboor
ṭambūr
tangent piano
(keyboard instrument whose strings are struck by freely moving slips of wood resembling harpsichord jacks rather than by hinged or pivoted hammers)
A keyboard instrument whose strings are struck by slips of wood that resemble harpsichord jacks.
tanso
tanso (End-blown bamboo Notched flute of Korea; about 39–40 cm long and has five finger-holes, the first of which is in the rear; there is a small notch at the front of the upper end; Marcuse: end-blown flute of Korea with 4 fingerholes)
tap dancer
Frank, R. Tap! : the greatest tap dance stars and their stories, 1900-1955, c1994.
(a National Film Board of Canada film about LeGon, a tap dancer from Chicago, who in the late 1960s after her career in Hollywood moved to Vancouver, B.C. to become a teacher of tap dancing and choreographer)
Jeni LeGon : living in a great big way, c1999
Glover, S. Savion : my life in tap, 2000.
under Tap dance (form of theatrical dance in which rhythmic patterns are sounded by the toes and heels striking the floor. The style emerged from 19th-century dances of European and black American origin, including the Irish jig, the English clog dance, the hornpipe and a number of black American step dances)
A performer who tap dances as part of a musical composition.
tar (drum)
insert (The Tar ... is a wood-framed single-headed drum, covered with goatskin, and similar in shape, size, and form to the tambourine, but without the metal disks ... Originating probably in Pharaonic Egypt ... the Tar is traditionally played with the bare hands)
Work cat.: El Din, H. Lily of the Nile [SR] p1990:
(Frame Drums by N. Scott Robinson>The Egyptian tar - not to be confused with the tar used in Persian music, which is a lute - is a circular frame drum found in Arabic music traditions throughout North Africa. It ranges from 12" to 16" (30 cm to 40 cm) in diameter, and is held in the Oriental grip (tar and bendir are often used interchangeably in Arabic culture))
(Bedouin music>Frame drums (tār, bandīr) of different sizes are used in some Bedouin music)
Grove Music Online, viewed Feb. 12, 2007
(Tambourine: Varieties include the duff (also a generic word for such drums), bandir, tar, and da'irah) Islamic Arts: a variety of tambourines, or frame drums, which all fall under the generic name duff. These include the North African ghirbal and bendir, instruments that have a number of "snares" across the skin and are used for folk dances; and the da'irah, or tar, with jingling plates or rings set in the frame)
Encyc. Brit. online, viewed Feb. 12, 2007
tar (lute)
tar (Double-chested plucked lute of the Rabāb family, with a membrane as a soundtable, found in Iran and the Caucasus)
(Tar)
W.P.A. California Folk Music Projects Collection, 1938-1940
taar
tarka
insert (Tarka; "wind flute" of the Indians of the Andes)
(Tarka (tarca, tharka, tar pinkayllu, anata); end-blown, wooden duct flute of the Bolivian & Chilean Andes; in three sizes)
p. 994 (tarka; a square or slightly hexagonal wooden duct flute with a hoarse sound; played in Bolivia, Chile & Peru)
Garland encyc. of world music. South America, Mexico, Central America & the Caribbean:
anata
tharka
tar pinkayllu
tarca
tárogató
(woodwind instrument generally associated with Hungarian music; variant of the Eastern oboe [misleading; this is a single-reed instrument])
(táragató: taragot, tarakava, torogoată; a woodwind instrument with a reed, generally associated with Hungarian music)
taragot
tarakava
torogoată
tāshā
v. 5, p. 993 (tāshā; shallow bowl-shaped drum in Pakistan)
documentation (tāshā)
under Tāsa (Small Kettledrum of pre-Islamic times; the name probably derives from Persian. Cognate instruments have spread to North India and Indonesia.The tāśā or tasha is widespread in North India. A goatskin or, nowadays, synthetic head is stretched over a clay or metal bowl, about 36 cm in diameter. The instrument hangs from a strap around the player’s neck in front of the body and the head is struck with two thin bamboo sticks.)"
v. 3, p. 532 (ṭāsa (tasa, tāśā, tasha); small kettledrum of pre-Islamic times; cognate instruments have spread to north India and Indonesia; the tāśā or tasha is widespread in north India)
p. 510 (tamukku; small kettledrum of S. India, identical to the tarshā) p. 513 (tarsa; see tarshā; tarshā; small kettledrum of N. India, made of clay, with a thin skin head, usually glued, rarely laced; played with sticks) p. 514 (tāsha; syn. of tarshā)
tarsa
ṭāsa
tarshā
tamukku
tavil
under India/Theory and practice of classical music/instrumental traditions (major barrel drum of South Asian classical tradition, the south Indian tavil); under Sri Lanka, Democratic and Socialist Republic of (The Hindu temple ensemble, consisting of the tavil and double-reed nāgasvaram, is ubiquitous in Sri Lanka)
(Tavil; Thavil; Dhavul; Double-headed barrel drum of South India)
Cuntaram, P.E. Tavil vācikkak kar̲r̲ukkoḷḷuṅkaḷ, 1993.
thavil
dhavul
television set
telharmonium
(Telharmonium (Dynaphone); an electromechanical keyboard instrument; only 3 instruments were ever made and none are known to still exist)
Weidenaar, R. Magic music from the telharmonium, 1995.
telharmonium (electromechanical keyboard instrument developed in Washington, DC, and Holyoke, Massachusetts, between 1894 and 1911 by Thaddeus Cahil)
dynaphone
tenor recorder
under recorder (tenor (lowest note c′))
670Grove music online, viewed October 18, 2013:
tenor saxophone
(tenor saxophone; the tenor instrument of the saxophone family, normally pitched in B-flat; was formerly found also in C (the C-melody saxophone))
Grove music online, viewed October 21, 2013
tenor violin
(the tenor-voiced instrument of the violin family)
(A term for a string instrument, most often denoting a type of viola or a small cello. From the 16th century onwards the term was most commonly applied to a large viola with four strings tuned like a modern viola in 5ths upwards from c.)
tenor voice
Archives; December 10, 2000 (Vocalizing : female tenor tells all: you will find us in many community choruses around Westchester County and Manhattan; we women sing tenor because the range suits us better than alto, which is the lowest female choral part. My voice, for example, quits at the A above Middle C, where altos are perfectly comfortable)
New York times WWW site, February 18, 2021:
Tenor (In polyphony between about 1250 and 1500, the structurally fundamental (or ‘holding’) voice, vocal or instrumental; by the 15th century it came to signify the male voice that sang such parts, and later it was applied not only to singers covering roughly c (called Tenor C) to a′ but also instrumental parts occupying approximately that register)
tenor (singer)
tenora
under Shawm (Catalonia and Roussillon; The tenora is in B♭ with a compass of e to c′″)
(Tenora: The Spanish word for "tenor", specifically applied to a shawm of Catalonia)
Francès, E. Andreu Toron i la tenora, 1815-1886, 1986.
teponaztli
(teponaztli (quiringua, tepenahuasqui, teponagua, teponahuaztli, teponaxtle, tinco, tun-kul) a slit-drum, one of the most important instruments of the Aztecs and still in use in several regions in Mexico)
p. 9, etc. (teponaztli)
Armenteros, I. The sound of wood, c1994:
under Aztec music (slit-drum with two tongues played with mallets)
tun-kul
teponahuaztli
tepenahuasqui
tinco
teponagua
quiringua
teponaxtle
theater organ
Dettke, K.H. Kino- und Theaterorgeln, 2001.
Web. 3;Amer. heritage dict., 3rd ed.;New Harvard dict. mus.
(Cinema organ (theatre organ): a type of organ designed to take the place of instrumental players in early 20th-cent. cinemas and theatres; developed in the U.S. by the Wurlitzer Co. in conjunction with Robert Hope-Jones; in the U.S., the term "theatre organ" is preferred. Theatre organ: the organ as used in theatrical entertainments, operas, oratorios, and concerts during the 17th and 18th cents., and fulfilling the function of a substitute for the orchestra in the 19th cent.; for a later, specifically American usage of the term, see Cinema organ)
(Organ, Theater)
(theatre organ [predominant form], theater organ)
(Theater organ (cinema organ): a type of organ developed to provide background music for silent films)
theatre organ
cinema organ
An organ developed to provide background music for silent films.
theorbo
p. 4 (In the Italian repertoire from the early 1600's, the theorbo is also known as the chitarrone. Many musicians and scholars long believed that this second term referred to a different instrument altogether, but we now know, also thanks to the writings of the composers E. de Cavalieri, A. Piccinini and G. Kapsberger, that tiorba (theorbo) and chitarrone were used synonymously in Italy in the first half of the 17th century. Afterwords, the first name prevailed, which gave rise to the French term "théorbe" and the English "theorbo.")
Torelli, F. A tutor for the theorbo, c2006:
under Theorbo ((Fr. téorbe, théorbe, tuorbe; Ger. Theorb; It. tiorba, tuorba). An instrument of the Western lute family with stopped courses considerably longer than those of a lute and with a separate nut and pegbox for a set of longer, unstopped bass strings. The Italian names chitarrone and tiorba were used synonymously for the same instrument, depending on personal or regional preferences. During the 17th century and part of the 18th the theorbo was popular as an accompanying instrument, and in the 17th century a certain amount of solo music in tablature was published for it.) under Chitarrone (A name used synonymously with tiorba (see Theorbo) in Italy during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. After 1600, the alternative name tiorba was often used. Two contemporary references, Praetorius (1619) and Piccinini (1623), led some modern writers to conjecture that the chitarrone was strung with wire and the tiorba with gut. However, this theory has been discredited by subsequent research.)
Grove music online, viewed Oct. 17, 2007:
théorbe
chitarrone
tuorba
tuorbe
tiorba
téorbe
theorb
A large extended-neck lute with two peg boxes that was used principally in the Baroque period, on which the upper courses have a reentrant tuning and the diapasons are tuned diatonically.
theremin
(theremin, aetherphon, thereminvox)
(theremin, termenvoks, aetherphon)
theremin (monophonic electronic instrument developed by Lev Sergeyevich Termen and named after him; it was one of the earliest electronic instruments)
thereminvox
aetherphon
termenvoks
tibia
tibia (Ancient Roman wind instrument (an Aerophone). It is occasionally referred to as a fistula (Lat.: ‘pipe’). In construction and function it is substantially the same as the Greek Aulos)
(tibia: also called shin bone, shank bone, shinbone)
shinbone
shin bone
shank bone
timbales criollos
p. 9-10 (related to kettledrums in name only; Afro-Cuban drums, wider than they are tall, with a membrane on one end, open at the other, and played with two drumsticks; each instrument consists of a pair of drums, "macho" and "hembra," and is always referred to in the plural)
Ortiz, F. La paila, los timbales criollos, el bongo, c1995:
New Grove dict. of musical instruments;Web. 3
timpani
timpani (European kettledrums; the most important percussion instruments of the orchestra)
under Timpani (...To avoid the necessity of playing a wide range of notes on each timpanum ...)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Jan. 25, 2006:
kettledrums
kettledrum
timpanum
tympani
tin can
under Polynesia (tin-can drum (tini)); under Percussion (tin can and hammer)
tingklik
p. 89 (Tingklik, most common name for a bamboo instrument made of a series of tubes tuned to a scale and strung up in ascending order in a simple frame)
under Indonesia,/Bali, Lombok and Sumbawa (bamboo-keyed instrument; played with mallets with long sticks and rubber-tipped ends)
p. 754 (tingklik, rindik; bamboo xylophone)
p. 3 (tingklik)
Hansen, J. The art of performing bamboo instruments of Bali, c1992:
(Tinglik (rindik), xylophone of Bali)
rindik
tiple (plucked lute)
(Tiple: Spanish word for treble or soprano; 1. A small guitar of Spain, Colombia ... Colombian Andean tiple)
(under Tiple: ... the tiple (also known as timple or guitarillo))
Puerta Zuluaga, D. Los caminos del tiple, 1988.
tiple (Spanish word for ‘treble’ or ‘soprano’, often applied to specific instruments. (1) A small guitar of Spain, Colombia, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and Venezuela)
timple
guitarillo
tom-tom
(name loosely applied in the West to certain African, Eastern and Amerindian drums, but now generally applied to the cylindrical rod-tensioned drums with wooden shells used in Western jazz and pop bands; under Drum kit: Chinese tom-tom)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Dec. 11, 2003
Chinese tom-tom
tonette
tonette (small, end-blown flute made of plastic, which was once popular in American elementary music education; the range ette is from C4 (middle C) to D5. It is also known as a song flute.)
song flute
toy instrument (term is used both of simplified or scaled-down versions of conventional instruments, mostly wind and percussion, and of special instruments and sound devices made by and for children.)
toy musical instrument
musical toy instrument

An instrument made for children that is often a simplified or scaled-down version of a conventional instrument.

toy orchestra
under Toy instruments (Toy instruments...continue to be made, and have been featured in many...toy symphonies)
toy symphony
toy piano
under Toy instruments (The toy piano has been featured in John Cage's Suite for Toy Piano (1948) and Music for Amplified Toy Pianos (1960) and included in works by George Crumb, Renaud Gagneux, Mauricio Kagel, Louis Roquin, Zygmunt Krauze, Leonid Aleksandrovich, Grabovsky and others, and compact discs with specially-commissioned – primarily solo – works have been released in the United States (Margaret Leng-Tan) and in Germany (Bernd Wiesemann))
v. 3, p. 615 (toy piano: a small keyboard inst. with a compass between 2 diatonic and 3 chromatic octaves, manufactured as a toy; its mechanism resembles that of the full-sized keyboard glockenspiel)
piano, toy
trautonium
trautonium (monophonic electronic instrument, the name of which is derived from that of its inventor, friedrich Trautwein)
treble viol
under Viol/1 (treble; treble, tenor and bass viols were regular members of the viol consort)
tres
v. 3, p. 623 (Tres. A type of guitar with three single or double courses of strings.)
(Tres)
triangle
Clementi, M. Sonate B-Dur op. 47 Nr. 2 [SR] p1983.
triangle (instrument much used in the modern orchestra, consisting of a steel rod bent into the shape of an equilateral (or isosceles) triangle, but open at one angle (it is classified as an idiophone: percussion stick; struck with a steel beater.))
(tenor trombones)
Bolter, N. Ancient twinkle appearing, c1998
(under Trombone: The practice of using B♭ and B♭/F trombones has almost done away with what survived in the 20th cent. of the ancient use of three different sizes of slide trombone: alto, tenor, and bass. The B♭ trombone, however, is still often called a "tenor trombone." Valve trombones, made in alto, tenor, and bass pitches, reached a peak of popularity soon after the mid-19th cent.)
trombone (brass lip-reed aerophone with a predominantly cylindrical bore)
slide trombone
valve trombone
tenor trombone
(under Trumpet: Modern trumpeters, because of the variety of musical styles in which they are required to play and the perfection demanded of them in broadcast and recorded performances, need at least three or four instruments, including ones pitched in B♭ and in C for regular work, in D/E♭ and in high B♭/A (piccolo trumpet) for high parts and in Baroque music. The orchestral bass trumpet was designed to Wagner's specifications for the Ring.)
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Dec. 12, 2002
trumpet (lip-vibrated aerophone. The term is used not only for the modern Western instrument and its ancestors, but also generically to denote some or all of the lip-vibrated wind instruments, depending on the system of classification)
slide trumpet
natural trumpet
valve trumpet
trumpet marine
trumpet marine (bowed monochord equipped with a vibrating bridge; in common use from the 15th century until the mid-18th.)
(tromba marina; marine trumpet or trumpet marine)
t.p. (Trumpet marine)
Adkins, C. A trumpet by any other name, 1991:
(bowed monochord with a vibrating bridge; in common use 15th to mid-18th century)
(Tromba marina; Trumpet marine)
(Trumpet marine)
nun's fiddle
marine trumpet
tromba marina
fiddle, nun's
Tuba (F and E♭ bass tubas: contrabass instruments filling a similar function to the double bass; contrabass tuba: double Cʹ tuba now the standard orchestra type, Bʹ♭ tuba primarily a band instrument)
tuba (valved brass instrument of wide conical bore; tubing is usually coiled into an elliptical shape and terminates in a wide bell (usually pointing upwards) and a deep, cup-shaped mouthpiece)
Vaughan Williams, R., Concerto für Tuba und Orchester f-Moll, 1977.
Vaughan Williams, list of works (Bass Tuba Concerto, f, 1954)
BB♭ tuba
double C tuba
CC tuba
contrabass tuba
bass tuba
bass horn (tuba)
bombardon
Cʹ tuba
Bʹ♭ tuba
double B-flat tuba
tuba ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more tubas.
tubaphone
(percussion instrument like a glockenspiel but with metal tubes instead of steel bars, giving it a softer sound; range: c'' to c''''; although used mostly in military bands, Khachaturian included it in his ballet suite, Gayane; also called "tubuphone")
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Dec. 2, 2005
tubuphone
under Zither (tube zithers; marginally preserved among people of the Pacific Islands; constructed from tubular sections of stout bamboo; multiple strings are usually raised up from the bamboo surface itself (i.e. idiochordal) and plucked with the fingers of both hands or struck with a stick)
Grove music online, viewed October 28, 2013:
(Tube zither)
tubular bells
tubular bells (set of tuned metal tubes (classified as an idiophone: set of percussion tubes); used for bell effects in the orchestra and on the operatic stage)
(Tubular bells [orchestral chimes]: A set of tuned metal tubes)
chimes, orchestral
orchestral chimes
tumba
(Tumba (i), small drum of Cuba; cowhide head is secured by nails; sometimes used in the rumba)
p. 5 (Tumba, an African drum used in eastern Cuba, also an Afro-Cuban dance known in that region)
Work cat.: 98-187746: Ortiz, F. Las tumbas, c1995:
tupan
(Alternative name for the tapan. Double-headed drum of Yugoslavia (Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia) and Bulgaria ... toba, daul ... goč)
goč
daul
toba
topan
tʼpan
túru (side-blown trumpet)
v. 1, p. 806 (túru; Kpelle side-blown horn)
(Side-blown horns (Kpelle túru) made of wood, ivory or horn are the most common aerophones.)
documentation (túru)
Stone, R.M. Liberia, Bong County and Monrovia, Kpelle, 1988:
v. 3, p. 683 (turu (i) side-blown trumpet of the Kpelle people of Liberia, made from wood, ivory or horn; turu (ii) wooden trumpet of Karelia, similar to the pullotorvi, it is wrapped in birch bark and has no fingerholes; turú, an aboriginal trumpet of Paraguay, made from either tacuara (cane) or bamboo)
Liberia, musical instruments (side-blown horns (Kpelle túru) made of wood, ivory or horn are the most common aerophones)
tussefløyte
(Tusse fløyte; Nor.: recorder)
Work cat.: Yesterday our way [SR] 1985, p1982.
tusse fløyte
txalaparta
v. 8, p. 1062 (txalaparta: Basque idiophone, consisting of one or more wooden planks beaten by two players to create different rhythmic patterns)
(under Basque music: txalaparta; percussion instrument consisting of three wooden boards approximately 1.5 metres long, arranged horizontally and struck by two instrumentalists using wooden sticks held vertically)
Grove music online WWW site, Aug. 30, 2005
Work cat.: 2005560203: Beltrán, J.M. Txalaparta eta beste aldaera zaharrak, 2004.
uilleann pipe
(The Society of Uilleann Pipers known as Na Píobairí Uilleann (The Uilleann Pipers) was founded in 1968 at grassroots level by pipers themselves. The aims of the society are to perpetuate the spirit of the music, in particular the playing of the pipes and the production and maintenance of the instrument itself. One of the treasures of Irish Culture is its traditional music and one of the treasures of this music is the Uilleann Pipes)
Na Píobairí Uilleann (The Uilleann Pipers) WWW homepage, Dec. 6, 1999
Uilleann pipes (Bagpipe: the Irish uilleann pipe is a bellows pipe, played sitting and with the drones lying across the knees)
Crowley, T. How to play the Irish uillean pipes, 1974.
(Union pipes)
"Ireland", Dec. 6, 1999 (uilleann pipes (Irish bagpipes))
(Union pipe)
uilean pipe
Irish organ
uileann pipe
ukulele
taro-patch fiddle (term applied to a large ukulele; under Ukulele: strung with four double-courses of wire strings, tuned g'-c'-e-'a')
LCCN unk84084475: Konter, D. Dick's ukelele method, showing how to apply chords on the ukulele, ukalua, ukulele-banjo, taropatch, tenor banjo (uke tuning), 1923.
ukulele (ukelele)
taro patch fiddle.
uke
taropatch
taro patch fiddle
yukelele
ukelele
valiha
under Madagascar (Traces of an Asiatic inheritance are still present in some instruments (for instance the use of the valiha tube zither))
Valiha (A type of tube zither; volo; valiha-volo; baliha) Marovany (A type of box zither; also used for valiha)
valeha
valiha-volo
baliha
volo
marovany (tube zither)
vamp-horn
(type of speaking-trumpet or megaphone invented in 1670 by Samuel Morland and used in English churches until the early 19th century to concentrate and project an individual voice; used musically to give out the first line of a psalm or hymn, to lead congregational singing or to supply vocally a missing line of harmony; originally designed for non-musical uses)
New Grove dict. of mus. online, Mar. 12, 2004
singing trumpet
trumpet, singing
tuba stentoro-phonica
vamping-horn
verrophone
(A verrophone is a musical instrument, invented in 1983, by Reckert, in which open-ended glass tubes are arranged in various sizes (usually in a chromatic scale, arranged from large to small, like the pipes of a pipe organ). The sound is made by rubbing one end of one or more of the glass tubes, or also by striking them or rubbing them with a special mallet. The tubes are close together so that chords can be played by rubbing more than one at the same time. The instrument carries more acoustical volume than the glass armonica and other glass instruments and generally has a range from G3-C6)
(One of the youngest members of the glass instrument family is the verrophone, invented by a contemporary German glass musician. Instead of bowls, he used tubes of high-quality industrial glass affixed vertically to a wooden frame.)
(The Verrophone (French: verre = glass), consisting of vertically arranged glass tubes, is played with moist fingers on the upper edge as with the "musical glasses")
Web site for GlasMusik.com, Feb. 3, 2009
booklet (The verrophone (verre, French = glass) was invented by Sascha Reckert in 1983)
Wiener Glasharmonika Duo. Glas & Steine, c2007:
verrophon
veuze
(Veuze: bagpipe from Vendée and around Nantes, France; distinct from the biniou, still in use around 1940, lately been revived)
Sonneurs de veuze en Bretagne et marais breton vendéen, 1987.
vibraphone
vibraphone (metallophone of the bar percussion family; developed in the USA, where it is sometimes called ‘vibraharp’ (it is classified as an idiophone: set of percussion plaques)
vibraharp
vicitra vina
p. vii (Vichitra veena)
Guraprīta Kaura. Bhāratīya saṅgīta ke anamola maṇi Ḍô. Lālamaṇi Miśra, 2004:
(Vīṇā, 6. Fretless vīṇā. The vicitrā vīṇā and goṭṭuvādyam are unfretted lutes of Hindustani and Karnatak music respectively. The northern vicitrā ("colourful") vīṇā is structurally a hybrid of the bīṇ-sitār type: it has a wide neck (about 10 cm) which is flat on top and rounded in section beneath (about 3 cm deep), and pegs for the sympathetic strings set in the proximal side. The neck terminates on the right in an integrated, wood-covered resonator, which in some cases is smaller and pear-shaped, in others larger and similar to that of the sitar. The instrument rests on two large bottle-gourds which are screwed into the back of the neck. The main strings are tuned in descending 4ths and 5ths; the slider (baṭṭā) is a glass egg)
vichitra vina
vihuela
(By the 16th century, the unqualified term vihuela usually referred to the vihuela de mano, als known as the vihuela comun)
vihuela (plucked chordophone of the viol family on which the strings, made of gut, were generally arranged in six or seven courses, each probably paired in unison. Closely related to the lute, it flourished mainly in Spain and in areas under Spanish influence in the 15th and 16th centuries)
vihuela comun
vihuela de mano
(Vīnā)
(Vina; a musical stringed instrument)
(Vīṇā; term for chordophones in India and other countries of South Asia)
t.p. (Veene; Vīṇe)
92902028: Veene Sebhanna Bhavana special number 1991, 1991:
(Vīṇā: principal indigenous term for chordophones in India and other countries of South Asia. The name (and its derivatives: Tamil vīṇai; New Indo-Aryan bīṇā, bīṇ, etc.) has been used for almost three millennia to denote the main type of the age: the musical bow; the early harps; the short lute; the medieval stick or tube zithers; bowed chordophones; and various descendants of the above in the contexts of both traditional music and Hindustani and Karnatak traditions, including the modern South Indian vīṇā, a lute. The bīṇ is sometimes known as the rudra vīṇā (the vīṇā of the ascetic god, Śiva, the great yogi))
New Grove, 2nd ed. WWW site, Sept. 6, 2002
India, Subcontinent of, III,6,(1) (Table 15: plucked)
vīṇe
rudra vīṇā
veena
rudra veena
bīṇā
vīṇai
bīṇ
veene
(viol: any of a family of fretted, bowed stringed instruments in use from the 16th through much of the 18th century; viola da gamba, gamba)
(viol: viola da gamba, gamba; a bowed string instrument with frets; during its history the viol was made in many different sizes)
viola da gamba (family of viols)
gamba (family of viols)

An unspecified instrument from the family of fretted, bowed string instruments in use from the 16th-18th centuries.

viola
p. 258 (Viola da braccio: In 16th c. general name for an arm-held string instrument; in 17th c., family name; in 18th c. a designation for the middle-voice instrument of the viola da braccio family; today, meaning has reverted to the generic difinition of an arm-held string instrument)
viola d'amore
(Suites (Harpsichord, viole d'amore (2))
(viola d'amore; pl. viole d'amore)
(ind of viola popular during the late 17th and 18th centuries. Normally about the size of a viola but with the physical characteristics of a viol: flat back, wide ribs flush with the top and back, sloping shoulders and a carved head at the top of the pegbox; held under the chin and played like a violin; unfretted; usually 14 strings: seven playing strings, which cross the top of the bridge, and seven sympathetic (resonating) strings, which run through the bridge and under the fingerboard into separate pegs in the pegbox.)
viola d'arame
(Portuguese viola)
Work cat.: W.P.A. California Folk Music Project Collection, 1938-1940
(Viola de arame, metal string guitar used in Portuguese music)
(Viola d'arame, Portuguese guitar with 6 pairs of metal strings, usually 10 frets, also called viola braguesa, viola chuleira)
Portuguese viola
viola de arame
viola braguesa
viola chuleira
arame, viola da
viola da braccio
(Later in the [17th] century ... it was becoming more common to restrict "viola da braccio" (or sometimes just "braccio") to viola parts.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Apr. 27, 2009
braccio, viola da
viola da gamba
(viola da gamba; pl. viole da gamba)
(Sonatas (Viole da gamba (2))
viola da gamba (Italian term for the Viol (literally, ‘leg viol’). During the 16th century bowed string instruments were sometimes classified according to the way in which they were held during performance, the viol being designated ‘leg viol’ and the violin ‘arm viol’ (Viola da braccio). From the mid-17th century the bass instrument of the viol family was most regularly used, and ‘viola da gamba’ gradually assumed its modern specific meaning of bass viol.)
gamba, viola da
viol, bass
viola-de-cocho
pp. 118-119 (viola-de-cocho)
Instrumentos musicais brasileiros, 1988:
(plucked Brazilian folk guitar; not the same as viola)
Work cat.: 95832073: Santos, A. Viola-de-cocho, novas perspectivas, 1993
under Brazil (known as the ‘Brazilian lute’, with five single strings, a short neck and no soundhole); Wikipedia: plucked string instrument from Brazil; typical in the states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul)
Brazilian lute
lute, Brazilian
viola ensemble
viola choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more violas.
viola pomposa
(five-string viola, tuned either c-g-d'-a'-e", i.e. like a regular viola with an additional e" string, or possibly d-g-d'-g'-c"; in use from about 1725 to about 1770; played on the arm)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Aug. 8, 2005:
violano-virtuoso
under Violin-player, Automatic (coin-operated electrically operated violin with a perforated paper roll in a cabinet with a symmetrically-strung 44-note piano; the violin is placed horizontally; for each of the four strings there is a separate small celluloid disc "bow" and pitch is controlled by four rows of electro-magnetic "fingers." The electro-magnetic action also included variable-speed bowing and variable vibrato)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, June 27, 2011:
under Instruments (developed for the Mills Novelty Co. of Chicago by Harry K. Sandell from about 1904)
violetta d'amore
New Grove dict. mus. instruments;New Harvard dict. mus.;Web. 3
Work cat.: Pill, F. Violetta d'amore [SR] p1985.
A bowed string instrument with five playing and six resonating strings developed in Germany in the 20th century.
violin (Soprano member of the family of string instruments that includes the viola and cello)
violo
p. 7, photo (small-sized cello) p. 17 (el violo, como instrumento perteneciente a la familia del violín, la violo y el violoncello, tiene una forma en todo semejante a la del ellos y difiere, exclusivamente, en sus dimensiones)
61026826: Arias Luna, E. El viola y su importancia en la estructura del moderno cuarteto de cuerdas, c1954:
New Grove dict. of mus. instr.;New Grove dict. of mus. online
violoncello piccolo
(A small cello, with either four or five strings, tuned C G d a, G d a e', or C G d a e'.)
(under Violoncello/18th and 19th centuries: The correct definition of the violoncello piccolo has been widely debated.)
New Grove dict. of mus. online (Jan. 18, 2013):
violone
(violone; the double bass viol, the direct ancestor of the double bass)
Grove music online, viewed October 30, 2013:
double bass viol
violotta
insert (The violotta is an instrument which was developed and produced by the Wiesbaden cellist and composer Dr. Alfred Stelzner (1852-1906) in 1891. It should not be confused with the Baroque violetta but can be considered a type of tenor-viola.)
Draeseke, F. Quintet in A major for two violins, viola, violotta, and cello, WoO 25 [SR] p2001:
(under Krug, Arnold: violotta, an instrument whose register lay between the viola and the cello)
virginal
(virginal; a smaller type of harpsichord, usually with only one set of strings and jacks and invariably with only one keyboard; present usage generally applies it to instruments whose strings run at right angles to the keys, rather than parallel with them as in a harpsichord or at an oblique angle as in a spinet)
Grove music online, viewed October 30, 2013
visuals
A visual component of a musical performance. For merged elements from various arts that cannot be described by a more specific term, see [mixed media.]

An ensemble consisting of two or more unspecified voices. For an ensemble consisting of solo voices, use [solo vocal ensemble.]

vocalion
vocalion (type of Reed organ; developed by John Baillie-Hamilton; originally in an attempt to combine the sounds of free reeds and strings;Ranging in size from foot-operated single-manual models to ones with two (or occasionally three) manuals and pedal, the vocalion is basically a reed organ on the pressure principle, but with unusually wide reed tongue.)
((1) Means of producing sounds in humans and animals using 2 vibrating agents called vocal cords)
Oxford dictionary of music, viewed October 30, 2013
An unspecified vocalized part. For a performer who uses his or her voice to produce musical tone see [singer.]
washboard
(washboard; A scraped idiophone with a ridged surface, originally made from a domestic washboard, but now also specially made in the form of a steel ‘apron’, hung from the player's shoulders; may be scraped with thimbles worn on fingers, or with steel implements (e.g. household spoons) held in each hand. Washboard bands were known in the USA in the late 19th century, and the washboard was sometimes used in jazz bands and as a novelty act in vaudeville and the music halls; it reappeared in the 1950s skiffle groups, and is associated with the Cajun and zydeco music of Louisiana)
Oxford companion to music, viewed October 30, 2013
washboard band
inserts (The bands of the 1930's typically consist of 5-10 musicians including brasses, woodwinds, plucked strings, washboard(s), other percussion, and vocalists)
The Washboard Rhythm Kings collection [SR], p1993-p1997:
(Washboard band: an instrumental group that employs the common washboard as a rhythm instrument. Early washboard bands included string instruments augmented by such instruments as kazoo, washtub bass, and harmonica. Washboards were frequently used to accompany blues singers. In jazz bands (1920's-30's), drums, brass, and reed instruments were included. The novelty appeal of the instrument declined. In the postwar years, zydeco bands frequently included washboards.)
(American instrumental group that uses a scraped idiophone in the form of a domestic washboard or ‘rub-board’ as a rhythm instrument; early washboard bands also included string instruments and were frequently augmented by other improvised instruments such as a washtub bass ...,comb-and-paper or kazoo as well as a harmonica.)
band, washboard
washint
label (Washint) booklet ( Wāšint; four holed reed pipe made of bamboo)
Yohannes Afework. Washint melodies, 2001:
(Washint (flute))
washint (End-blown flute of Ethiopia; made of a kind of bamboo (schembeko) in various lengths and pitches and typically has four to six equidistant fingerholes, sometimes with any unused ones covered with adhesive paper)
wāšint
washtub bass
p. 2 (The three major components of a washtub bass are a tub, a pole, and a string. The string is plucked)
(Washtub bass: a.k.a. gutbucket; a stringed instrument used in American folk music)
gutbucket
Hydraulus (The ancient pneumatic organ, in which water was used to control the wind pressure)
under Water organ (A kind of automatic organ without bellows. It is blown and sounded by air compressed directly by water that is activated by natural forces (e.g. by a waterfall). Water organs play without human intervention once they are set in action)
hydraulic organ
hydraulus
hydraulos
hydraulis
waterphone
t.p. (Am Rande des Abgrunds : für 7 Violoncelli und 2 Aquaphone = On the edge of the abyss : for 7 violoncellos and 2 waterphones)
Gubaĭdulina, S.A. Am Rande des Abgrunds, c2003:
waterphone (instrument invented in 1967 and patented in 1975...by Richard A. Waters and manufactured individually to order by him, formerly under the company name Multi-Media in Sebastopol, California; combines the principles of the nail violin and a water-drum)
Instruments (the waterphone; invented in the late 60s by Waters; a stainless steel and bronze acoustic, tonal-friction instrument with tonal rods tuned to a combination of micro-tonal and diatonic relationships and with a resonator that uses water to bend tones and create water echos.)
Richard A. Waters.com WWW site, Mar. 11, 2005:
whistle
(whistle; a short, usually high-pitched flute (‘edge aerophone’), either without finger-holes or with no more than one; it is normally considered that flutes are used for music and whistles for signalling, leaving a grey area for those instruments which are used, either by the same or by different peoples, for both purposes)
whistling
(whistle; (1) As verb. Sound produced by emitting breath through small aperture in pursed lips, pitch being controlled by shaping of the mouth as resonating chamber)
under Sound effects (The human body has been used to make many percussive sounds, from the tongued glottal click of the Xhosa language...to whistling, hand-clapping, finger-snapping, foot-stamping and knee-slapping)
wind chime
wind chime (set of concussion plaques suspended so that they can be activated by the wind (the instrument is classified as an idiophone). The plaques may be made of metal, glass, bamboo, stone, porcelain or shell. In the orchestra, the player activates the chimes by hand stroke.)
wind-bell
windchime
wind controller
(Electronic Wind Instrument; EWI; manufactured by the Akai Corporation)
Gingras, M. Old World meets New World, 1997
caption (EVI)
p. 244 (no. 7150: EVI wind controller) p. 296 (no. 7816: Electronic Valve Instrument)
Davis, D. Computer applications in music: Suppl. 1 (MIDI wind controller):
(Electronic Valve Instrument (EVI); an electronic wind instrument that controls a synthesizer; has also been called an electronic trumpet; manufactured 1975-1980 by Steiner-Parker in Salt Lake City, and thereafter by Music Technology in Garden City Park, N.Y.)
eVI (electronic valve instrument)
electronic trumpet
eVI wind controller
eWI (electronic wind instrument)
electronic wind instrument
electronic valve instrument

Ensemble consisting of two or more mixed woodwind and brass instruments. For a large ensemble consisting of brass or woodwind instruments only, see [brass ensemble] or [woodwind ensemble.] For large ensemble consisting primarily of woodwinds, brass, and percussion, even if called a wind ensemble, see [band.]

(under Acoustics: Every wind instrument consists of a long and carefully shaped duct coupled to an airflow control system that converts the steady wind supply from the player’s lungs, or from the wind chest of a pipe organ, into oscillations of the instrument’s air column)
Grove music online, viewed November 4, 2013

An unspecified woodwind or brass instrument.

wind machine
(Wind machine (aeoliphone); a friction idiophone)
(Wind machine: a machine for creating an artificial wind; a device used for imitating the sound of the wind)
wind machine (friction idiophone; used on the stage and elsewhere to produce the sound of the wind. It consists of either a barrel framework covered with silk or coarse canvas which rubs against the slats as the barrel is rotated, or an electric fan in which the blades are replaced by lengths of cane.)
Huber, N.A. Töne suchen einen Autor, c1989.
aeoliphone
women's chorus
An ensemble consisting of two or more different woodwind instruments.
(Reed: woodwinds generally use reeds made from cane; cane reeds are constructed as either double reeds or single reeds.)
wood-wind instrument
xiao
(Xiao (hsiao) end-blown notched flute of the Han Chinese)
xun
p. 166 (hsüan, globular flute in Shang dynasty; probably used as a voice mask in a religious rite)
Sachs, C. The history of musical instruments, 1940:
(hsüan)
(Globular flute employed in Han Chinese Confucian rituals. The xun (pronounced 'hsün') is an egg-shaped flute of baked clay, with a blow-hole at its apex and usually between three and eight finger-holes distributed in various patterns. Sizes vary between about 8 and 13 cm in height. Because of its globular wind chamber, the xun has a range of only about one octave, without usable overtones)
Grove Music Online, WWW site, November 19, 2009
(hsüan, ancient wind instrument, shaped like an egg, made of porcelain)
xylophone (Percussion instrument consisting of two or more bars of graduated length. In addition to Western art music, xylophones are found in Africa, Central and South America, South-east Asia (mainland and insular), Melanesia, and the Marquesas Islands in Polynesia)
fiddle, straw
straw fiddle
xylorimba
(Xylorimba (xylo-marimba, marimba-xylophone): Name given to an instrument of the xylophone family with a compass sufficiently large to embrace the low-sounding bars of the marimba and the highest-sounding bars of the xylophone. As the marimba-xylophone it was a popular instrument in the 1920s and 30s, particularly in vaudeville. The lower notes of the xylorimba sound more like a xylophone than a marimba on account of the bars being thicker and narrower than those of a modern marimba. The terms have been a source of confusion. Many composers have called for "xylorimba," but invariably the parts were written for a four-octave xylophone. Stravinsky's The flood includes a part for "marimba-xylophone," but a marimba was intended. The parts in Roberto Gerhard's Hymnody were originally labelled "xylorimba," but this was later changed to "marimba." Boulez wrote for two true xylorimbas in Pli selon pli; the parts have sometimes been played on two xylophones and two marimbas)
marimba-xylophone
xylo-marimba

An ensemble consisting of diverse instruments that cannot be described by a more specific term.

yang qin
(Yangqin (yang-chʻin): struck box zither of the Han Chinese)
yang qin (Hammered dulcimer of the Han Chinese)
yangqin
yanggŭm
(Yanggŭm; trapeziform wire-string zither of Korea, also known as kurachʼŏlsa kum; wires are struck with a single slip of bamboo)
under Korea (imported trapezoidal dulcimer); under Dulcimer (Korea yanggŭm)
kurachʼŏlsa kum
yaogu
(Yaogu: small barrel drum of the Han Chinese, popularly known as huagu ['flower drum'], referring to the use of flower motifs in its decoration)
(Temple drum)
label on image (yaogu hourglass drum)
huagu
temple drum
yatga
Yataga (Mongolian zither, on which the strings are plucked, constructed as a box with a convex surface and an end bent towards the ground. It is more complex than most of its counterparts. In the past it was a court instrument and the strings symbolized the levels of the palace hierarchy)
Yatug (Yatug is also called Mongolian zither. It is recorded in the 71st volume of the History of Yuan Dynasty, "it is a thirteen-stringed horizontal instrument with the two ends drooping slightly." The player plays yatug with his two fingers, which are covered with horn-shaped things.)
Mongolian culture web site, Mar. 20, 2011:
Yatga [yataga, yatuga] (Mongolian half-tube zither with movable bridges)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Mar. 10, 2011:
(Yatga; traditional Mongolian plucked zither, related to the Chinese gucheng; may vary widely in size, tuning, and number of bridges and strings; similar instruments: Korean gayageum [kayakŭm], Vietnamese dan tranh, Japanese koto; most common type is the 21-stringed version; there also exists a 13-stringed version called a Gariin yatga; historically the use of the 12 or more stringed version was reserved to the court and monasteries; commoners had to use a 10-stringed yatga)
(13 & 21-stringed versions)
Qobus, yatuġ-a, lingbu, 2009.
yatuga
Mongolian zither
yataga
yatuġ-a
yatug
yoochin (dulcimer)
(yoochin: Mongolian board zither; name may have originated through confusion with the round-bodied lute yueqin, also played in Mongolia and called yoochin or biivlig; the struck zither was more often known as yanchin or yanchir, from the Chinese yangqin)
Work cat.: 95-918429: Dashdavaa, G. Ëochingiĭn surakh, 1983.
under Dulcimer (The term used in Mongolia is yoochin); under Mongolia (the dulcimer (yoochin))
yanchir
ëochin
yanchin
yue qin
(Yueqin: yüeh-chʾin; short-necked lute of the Han Chinese)
(Yűeh chʾin, short-necked lute of China, popularly called "moon guitar")
(Moon lute, Chinese lute)
moon guitar
moon lute
yueqin
yuka
(yuka, Afro-Cuban drum family of the Congo people; also the dance associated with this drum)
p. 5-6 (cylindrical drum constructed of a whole section of a tree trunk; usually played in groups of three varying sizes called caja (largest), mula, and cachimbo (smallest))
Work cat.: 98-188112: Ortiz, F. La yuka, c1995:
zarb
container (Tûnbak)
under Iran (The tombak, also called dombak, is a vase-shaped wooden drum, held horizontally on the lap and played with the fingers of both hands. As it is used for establishing rhythm, the tombak is also popularly called the zarb (‘beat’).) under Drum/Goblet drum (The Iranian tombak or zarb is a virtuoso solo instrument)
(Zarb (tombak; dombak; goblet drum))
tûnbak
dombäck
dombak
tombak
zheng
(zheng (cheng) half-tube plucked zither with movable bridges of the Han Chinese)
(zheng (cheng))
zheng (plucked half-tube zither with movable bridges, one of the principal Chinese zithers.)
container (guzheng)
guzheng
Chinese zither
gu zheng
zhong hu
p. 508 ("Middle fiddle"; type of erhu)
under Huqin ("middle fiddle", type of erhu pitched a 5th below it; developed in the 1930s)
(Chung hu)
under Erhu (Zhonghu (middle hu); an erhu of larger dimensions with an alto range)
zhonghu
zhui qin
Kao, F. Chui chʻin yen tsou chi chʻu, 1983.
New Grove dict. of mus. inst.; New Grove dict. of mus. online
p. 519 (string instrument; primarily accompanies Honan opera)
p. 174 (class of fiddles) p. 186 (fingerboard instrument)
p. 790 (string instrument, popular in Honan and Shangdong Provinces)
(Two main senses in modern organology: a large category of string instruments also known as "simple chordophone"; more limited and perhaps more familiar, a small group of Alpine folk and popular instruments. From the late 15th century the term "zither" was used exclusively to denote chordophones with necks, of the cittern type. It was only from the early 19th century that the name began to be used for descendants of the north European Scheitholt type of instrument, which had no neck and frets placed directly on the box. Zithers were already major instrument types in China by the mid-Zhou dynasty (7th-5th centuries BCE). Numerous related zithers subsequently emerged among other Asian cultures.)
New Grove dict. of mus. WWW site, Feb. 24, 2005
Cither (obs. Engl. form of the word zither)
simple chordophone
cither
zither ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more zithers.
zitho-harp
(no. 12R914, style D, 33 strings, 17 melody strings [ ] sharps, 4 chords, C, D, F, G; and no. 12R916, style [ ], 41 strings, 21 melody strings with 6 sharps, 5 chords, D, D, F, G, A)
Sears, Roebuck & Co. catalogue no. III (reproduced at WWWminermusic ... searszitho)
(under Chord-zithers of unusual design: string configuration: that of a 5/21 chord-zither)
Fretless Zithers.com WWW site, Apr. 24, 2007
zoomoozophone
under Drummond, Dean (built in 1978, is a metallophone which employs 31 just-intoned pitches per octave. The instrument is based on a g′ of 392 Hz, and has a total range of just over four octaves. Made of aluminum bars, it has a full, resonant sound with a long sustain, and can be played by anywhere from one to four percussionists at a time)
t.p. (for flute and 3 zoomoozophonists)
(invented by the composer Dean Drummond, the zoomoozophone is a 31 tones-per-octave, just-in-toned mallet percussion instrument consisting of 129 horizontally suspended and resonated aluminum tubes. The instrument is modular and playable by one to six zoomoozophonists)
zumari
(zumari: oboe of the Digo people of Kenya)
zūrnā
(Surna)
(Zurna, shawm of the Near East; surle, surna, surnā)
(Zūrnā, folk oboe of the Arab world, Turkey, southeast Europe, and parts of Asia; sorna, sornai, surlă, surle, surna, surnā, surnai, surnāī, zukra, zurla, zurna, zurnā)
(Folk shawm of West and Central Asia, south-eastern Europe and parts of North Africa. Its general form is a conical wooden tube 30–45 cm long, but its length may extend to 60 cm. It is played with a double reed and usually has a pirouette)
sorna
zukra
surna
surlă
sornai
surle
zurla
ceṇḍa
t.p. verso (Chenda)
Vāriyar, P.E. Kēraḷīya mēḷakala, Ceṇḍamēḷaṃ, 1992:
(ceṇḍa; ceṇḍe: Double-headed drum of Kerala)
(under Chenda: cylindrical percussion instrument used widely in the state of Kerala, and Tulu Nadu of Karnataka State in India; in Tulu Nadu it is known as chande)
(under India/The Region: ceṇṭā (cylindrical drum))
ceṇḍe
chande
ceṇṭā
chenda
cheṇḍamēḷaṃ
A cylindrical drum used widely in the Kerala and Karnataka states of India.
calichon
mandora (under Bass instrument: a large bass lute, better known as gallichone (galizona, galichon); 6 to 8 courses, used mainly for continuo in Germany, Austria, and Bohemia in 18th and 19th centuries)
insert (Mandora, Mandorlauten, colascione, colachon, calachon, callichone, calchedon, gallizona, etc. all pertain to the same type of instrument: the gallichone of Brescianello)
Brescianello, G.A. The 18 sonatas for gallichone, 1996:
(calichon (mandora, gallichon); variant spellings: gallichona, Gallischon, Gallischona, gallichone, gallichane, galizona, galizono, galiziono, gallicono, calichon, colachon, caliciono, colocion, calachon, calcedon, calzedono, callezono; type of bass lute used for continuo and solos in late 17th through 19th centuries, especially in Germany and Austria; six to eight courses; the term "mandora" also includes the smaller form tuned a 4th higher)
colachon
calchedon
gallichone
gallizona
gallichon
calascione
colascione (bass lute)
calachon
callichone
mandorlauten
galizona
A bass lute with six to eight courses used primarily for continuo in 18th and 19th century Germany, Austria, and Bohemia.
balalaika orchestra
(The success of the balalaika is attributed to Vasily Vasil'yevich Andreyev (1861–1918) who, assisted by the instrument makers V. Ivanov, F. Paserbsky and S. Nalimov, produced a metal-fretted chromatic version in a family of sizes. Andreyev's Society of Lovers of Balalaika Playing gave its first public performance in Russia in 1888 and in 1889 the Society performed at the Paris Exposition Universelle. By 1896 Andreyev had reorganized his instrumentalists as the Grand Russian Orchestra, which between 1909 and 1912 toured Europe and America. Balalaika orchestras were soon formed in Britain and the USA)
(the invention of the balalaika orchestra is attributed to Russian nobleman and musician Vassily Vassilievich Andreyev who in the late 1800s undertook to have a family of balalaikas of different sizes (soprano to low bass) made for performance along the lines of the string instruments of the symphony orchestra. Continuing to experiment, he added domras of different sizes and the gusli. Tours of his orchestra in the early 20th century, as well as Russian immigrants, helped popularize balalaika orchestras outside of Russia. Over the years, and particularly during the Soviet period, non-folk instruments such as the flute and oboe came into use in the balalaika orchestras, along with the bayan. The instruments played in traditional Russian folk instrument orchestras typically include three-stringed domras of various sizes, balalaikas of various sizes, bayans in several voices, guslis, flute, oboe, optional clarinet and bassoon, and percussion. In the United States, four-stringed domras are favored, while in Ukraine, four-stringed domras are standard and Ukrainian instruments such as the bandura, kobza, and tsimbali are included)
The Balalaika and Domra Association of America (BDAA) WWW site, December 10, 2013
p. 775 (Russian Vasily Andreev (1861-1918) began collecting folk instruments with the aim of restoring instrumental folk traditions to the Russian people. He soon realized that these were ineffective when presented on stage, so he tried to improve the situation by having the instruments rebuilt in sizes from soprano to bass and played in sections along the lines of a symphony orchestra. Well-received by the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, these orchestras became the hallmark of Soviet-period staged folklore and were later adopted by all Soviet republics)
Garland encyclopedia of world music. Vol. 8, Europe, c2000:
An ensemble consisting largely or wholly of balalaikas and domras of different sizes, usually including other Russian or Ukrainian folk instruments, percussion, woodwinds, and one or more bayans.
trombone ensemble
trombone choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more trombones.
trumpet ensemble
trumpet choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more trumpets.
violin ensemble
violin choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more violins.
vocal percussion
(vocal percussion is the art of creating sounds with one's mouth that approximate, imitate, or otherwise serve the same purpose as a percussion instrument)
under Freestyle rap (emulating a hip-hop beat with [a person's] mouth) under Collegiate a cappella (“Vocal percussion,” also known as “beatboxing,” often provides a vocal approximation of a drum kit) under Martinique and Guadaloupe (bouladjèl (mouth drum), a call-and-response, competitive percussive vocalization)
bouladjèl
mouth drum
A vocalist who creates sounds with the mouth that approximate, imitate, or otherwise serve the same purpose as a percussion instrument. For a vocalist who uses semi-spoken rhymes declaimed over a rhythmic musical backing, see [rapper.]
clarinet choir
clarinet ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more clarinets.
dolceola
(piano in miniature manufactured in the early 1900's by the Toledo Symphony Manufacturing Company of Toledo, Ohio)
Valley Internat - Dolceola WWW site, July 25, 2002
(sometimes referred to as the dulceola; zither-like instrument with a keyboard which allowed the player to play the melody and selected chords)
Records, Inc. - Washington Phillips WWW site, July 25, 2002
(the highest form of development of the guitar-zither concept; has a keyboard attached, white and black keys for the melody section, 3 keys for each chord, one played the bass note, the next played the first note of the remainder of the chord, and the next one played all the rest of the chord; the chords were numbered so that Dolceola sheet music could show numbers instead of chord notation)
Quick Identifier Williams/dolceola WWW site, July 25, 2002
dulceola
A zither with a keyboard manufactured in the early 20th century.
flute choir
flute ensemble
An ensemble of two or more flutes of any type.
foot tapping
(foot percussion)
(Of Acadian origin, Suzanne Leclerc sings and plays a variety of percussion instruments including foot-tapping (podorhythm), spoon playing...)
(Foot clapping (podorythm) in sessions; french canadian foot clapping)
tapping, foot
foot clapping
clapping, foot
foot percussion
podorhythm
solo vocal ensemble
An ensemble consisting of solo voices. For an ensemble consisting of two or more unspecified voices see [vocal ensemble.]

An ensemble consisting of two or more varied keyboard instruments.

saxophone ensemble
saxophone choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more saxophones of any type.
horn ensemble
horn choir
An ensemble consisting of two or more horns.
clapsticks
(Clapsticks. A clapstick is a type of musical instrument that, according to western musicological classification, falls into the category of percussion. Unlike drumsticks, which are generally used to strike a drum, clapsticks are intended for striking one stick on another.)
Indigenous Australian music, via Wikipedia, Dec. 6, 2013
part 2 > 1788, 1 > Meet Waruwi > Clapping sticks (Clapping sticks are a traditional Aboriginal instrument, used for percussion. Waruwi uses these sticks during ceremonies and songs. Lots of Aboriginal nations have numerous songs and dances, so clapping sticks would have been used a lot. People often decorated their clapping sticks, and the symbols used had special meanings.)
(under Percussion instruments - Idiophones: Clapsticks. Classification: idiophones. Origin: Australia. Common classification: percussion)
List of musical instruments, via Wikipedia, Dec. 6, 2013
(Clapstick. Clapsticks or clappers are a type of drumstick, percussion mallet or claves that are used to serve the purpose of maintaining rhythm with Aboriginal voice chants. Unlike drumsticks, which are generally used to strike a drum, clapsticks are intended for striking one stick on another. As an ancestral instrument that may traditionally accompany the didgeridoo, it is sometimes referred to as musicstick or just Stick. In the language of the Yolngu Aborigines of Northeast Arnhem Land, Australia these clapsticks are called bimli.)
(Clapsticks--two sticks that are tapped together--can be found in different countries all over the world. Although they all consist of two small lengths of wood tapped together, they are amazing different in how they look, sound and how they are played as part of the music from their culture of origin. In Australian Aboriginal culture, there are special clapsticks called bilma that are often used to accompany the didgeridoo when it's played; a bilma)
Make your own bilma - Australian clapsticks!, via Making multicultural music website, Dec. 6, 2013
(In traditional use, the didjeridu, with clap-sticks for emphasis, accompanies songs or illustrates traditional stories about ancestors and animals. ... As in most cultures, the Aborigines also used percussive instruments in their ceremonies. Often these were simply two boomerangs clashed together, but they also made special shaped sticks for this purpose. Because the wood used is a fine-grained hardwood, the clapsticks are physically long-lasting and produce a sharp and well defined sound. In their usual form, these sticks are about 200mm in length and 20mm in diameter and are shaped to a long point at each end. One stick is held in each hand and they are struck together at about the mid-point of each. The pointed ends ensure that the fundamental transverse vibration has a high frequency, so that the percussive effect stands out well above the drone of the didjeridu.)
Fletcher, N.H. Australian Aboriginal musical instruments: the didjeridu, the bullroarer and the gumleaf, 2003, via WWW, Dec. 6, 2013
(Clapsticks. A singer holds a pair of wooden sticks, one in each hand. One long and slightly flattened stick is generally grasped in the middle and held flat. The other stick, more rounded and held towards the end, is brought sharply and cleanly on to the first to make a percussive rhythm. Clapsticks may be single and beaten against some other object (e.g. the ground, trees, weapons, bark) or paired and beaten against each other (in some areas stones are used instead of wood). There are two basic kinds of clapsticks: sticks, sometimes shaped according to the song items they are used for, with the smaller one beaten against the larger, and boomerangs, either used in separate hands or held in one hand so that the extremities can meet alternately, giving a rapid beat. Both forms were widely used, boomerang clapsticks being common in recent times in the north, where they were not in use as weapons and were obtained by trade. Clapsticks could be played by the lead singer, but also as a general accompaniment and often by women.)
Traditional Aboriginal musical instruments, via WWW, Dec. 6, 2013
clap-sticks
musicsticks
clapping sticks
boomerang clapsticks
bilma
An Aboriginal Australian percussion instrument consisting of a pair of hardwood sticks that are struck together.
balalaika ensemble
An ensemble consisting of two or more balalaikas.
phonograph turntable
(turntable: the rotating platform on which a disk record is placed for recording or playback)
(turntable: 1. the rotating disk that spins the record on a phonograph)
p. 9 (turntable as an instrument) p. 12 (phonograph turntable)
White, M. The high fidelity turntable system and the creation of hip hop music, 1996:
turntable, phonograph
turntable system (phonograph)
cornamusa
(Cornamusa; cornemuse; wind-cap instrument of the 16th adn early 17th centuries; like a straight, quiet crumhorn; more or less restricted to Italy)
cornemuse (cornamusa)
sopranino clarinet
(under A-flat clarinet: Shackleton, along with many early twentieth-century composers, uses the term "piccolo clarinet" to refer to the E♭ and D clarinets as well (piccolo merely meaning "small" in Italian). This designation is less common today, with the E♭ and D instruments more usually designated sopranino clarinets)
(sopranino clarinets, E♭ from late 18th century, replacing clarinet in F; military and orchestral)
Clarinet > Sopranino Clarinet (E♭ Sopranino Clarinet. The sopranino clarinet is the highest member of the clarinet choir and is often called the "piccolo" or "petite" clarinet. Though its use in school bands and orchestras is rare, the E♭ clarinet is required to play at the top of its range for clarinet choirs or to take advantage of its piercing quality in compositions such as the second movement of Gustav Holst's First Suite in E-flat for Military Band)
Mr. Nadeau's Meet the woodwinds, via WWW, Aug. 9, 2020:
(Sopranino clarinet in A♭: Now a curiosity in itself, this instrument is very rare and one of the most highly prized pieces among collectors. Its use, however, was largely limited to military bands; Sopranino clarinet in E♭: Best remembered for its contribution to Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique, this instrument demands a strong technique as its high notes require special fingering. Its star quality? The perfect resonance of its high tones; Sopranino clarinet in D Also not for the faint hearted, the sopranino clarinet in D nevertheless found favour with Molter in his concertos and with Richard Strauss in his symphonic poem Till Eulenspiegel. It has the advantage of being easier to play than its E♭ counterpart)
The clarinet family, via Henri Selmer Paris website, Aug. 9, 2020
(high E♭ clarinet; found in all military bands and occasionally figures in orchestral scores)
Oxford dictionary of music, Jan. 6, 2014
piccolo clarinet (sopranino)
E-flat clarinet (sopranino)
high E♭ clarinet
E♭ clarinet (sopranino)
D clarinet (sopranino)
E-flat sopranino clarinet
high E-flat clarinet
E♭ sopranino clarinet
A sopranino member of the clarinet family that is associated with Western art music and is pitched in E♭ or D.
nāy (flute)
insert, page 2 (instruments heard on this album include the nal (ney)) contents listing (Sheykh Sâber Qâderi, nal (ney); performs on tracks 4-12) (DLC)2020615126
Work cat: Mūsīqī-i Balūchistān, 1395 [2016]:
(Oblique rim-blown flute of the Middle East, Iran and Central Asia)
Afghanistan. I. General. 6. Musical instruments. (ii) Aerophones ("Long open end-blown flutes are played by the ... Pashtuns and Baluch (nal, ney)")
ney
quṣaba
nal
magnetic resonator piano
container (magnetic resonator organ) insert (The magnetic resonator piano (MRP) is an electronically-augmented acoustic grand piano using electromagnets to extend the expressive capabilities of the traditional piano ... The MRP places 88 electromagnets inside the piano (one for each note), with the magnets suspended a short distance above the strings. Running a time-varying electrical current through the magnet causes the string to begin vibrating without ever having been struck by the hammer. By varying the waveforms sent to the magnets, a wide variety of musical effects are possible ... all produced acoustically by the piano strings without any external speakers or amplification ... In 2001, six composers and three pianists in the Philadelphia area participated in a project to write and perform new music for the magnetic resonator piano)
Work cat: McPherson, A. Secrets of Antikythera, 2013:
MRP (magnetic resonator piano)
An electronically-augmented acoustic grand piano using electromagnets to extend the capabilities of the traditional piano without speakers or amplification.
lute-harpsichord
(Lute-harpsichord; a gut-stringed harpsichord (occasionally supplemented with a choir of metal strings) intended to imitate the sound of the lute)
Work cat: Grove music online, Apr. 3, 2013
(...the lute-harpsichord or lautenwerk. There are many words and spellings of this instrument including lautenwerke, lautenwerck, lautenclavicymbel and theorbenflugel (theorbo-harpsichord). An example of the plural form is lautenwerke or lautenwerken. This type of instrument was originally fitted with gut strings and sounds very much like a lute or nylon-strung guitar)
Harpsichord and lautenwerk home page WWW site, viewed Apr. 3, 2013:
(Lautenwerck; (also spelled lautenwerck), or lute-harpsichord (lute-clavier) was a European keyboard instrument of the Baroque period. It was similar to a harpsichord, but with gut rather than metal strings, producing a mellow tone)
lautenclavicymbel
Lautenwerk
lautenwerck
lute-clavier
theorbo-harpsichord
A gut-strung harpsichord with a mellow tone similar to a lute.
lavta
p. 9 (Turkish lute with short neck, pear-shaped back and seven strings; named in Greek Politiko laouto)
Work cat: Lavta, étude pour un luth d'Istanbul, 2012:
under Turkey (Lavta; popular amongst Greeks and Armenians in early 20th century; today is found in Greece and Turkey; a kind of hybrid oud; the body looks much like a small (Turkish) oud with a guitar-like neck)
Atlas of Plucked Instruments, viewed April 12, 2013:
politiko laouto
A Turkish plucked lute with tied frets, popular in the early 20th century.
agogo
caption (agogo bells)
Work cat: Koontz, Jason. Batucada jam, 2012:
(agogo; agogo bells; percussion instrument; consists of two conical bells mounted on a sprung steel hoop; percussion idiophone; used in samba bands)
(agogô; gan gan (smaller version); single or multiple bell with Yoruba origins)
agogo bells
gan gan
A conical bell or bells mounted on a sprung steel hoop.
repinque
(repinique; two-headed Brazilian drum used in samba baterias (percussion ensembles); in Bahia known as repique; equivalent to the tom-tom in the non-Brazilian drum kit or to the tenor drum in marching bands)
caption (repinique)
volume 2, page 309 (repique, also repinique; Afro-Brazilian medium-size single-headed drum)
repique
An Afro-Brazilian medium-sized single-headed drum, sometimes used in pairs.
tamborim
Brazil (the instrument known in Portuguese as tamborim is a small cylindrical drum percussed with a stick, used in dramatic dances such as the congada and moçambique and in the percussion ensembles of Carnival bands)
caption (tamborim)
(tabmorim; small, round Brazilian frame drum of Portuguese and African origin)
jūshichigen
Nagasawa, Katsutoshi. Two pastorals for shakuhachi, koto and jūshichigen, 1979.
(under Japan, II: Instruments and instrumental genres: jūshichigen; a 17-string bass koto invented by Miyagi Michio)
Grove music online, viewed March 17, 2014
prepared violin
(Prepared violin; timbre may be changed by wrapping a piece of wire around a string or inserting a hairpin or other object on or between the strings)
Extended violin techniques, WWW site, April 16, 2014
page 189-191 (Prepared violin; a variety of sounds can be achieved by wrapping a small piece of wire around the string; timbre may also be altered by attaching various objects (for example, paper clips, paper, metal strips, wooden matches, and hairpins) to the strings)
Strange, Patricia. The contemporary violin, c2001:
container (Mu : for violin solo, 2007) insert (for prepared violin; "paper clips [are placed] in the strings about an inch and two inches in front of the bridge")
Work cat: Makan, Keeril. Afterglow, ℗2013:
A violin that has been altered by attaching wire or objects on and/or between the strings.
veṇu
booklet (since the time of Mali [1926-1986]9 holed flute; [term veṇu not given])
Work cat.: Endless beauties from the bamboo flute of Master S. Shashank, 1994? :
under va(dot below)m(acute)sa [basurī, veṇu] (A classical Indian term, meaning ‘bamboo’, ‘flute’ in Sanskrit. It is the root of common names found in modern North Indian languages – bas, basī, basurī, basrī, baslī, basulī usually denoting a transverse flute. The Sanskrit synonym veṇu , also used since classical times, is more often adopted in South India... Over the past century or so, the transverse flute has been redeveloped as an important instrument of northern and southern classical musics. In the South this is credited to Sarabha Sastri (1872–1904). Here, the veṇu (Tamil pullāṅkulal) is a short bamboo tube, little more than a foot (about 30 cm) long, but comparatively wide. It is closed by a node at one end, and has eight finger-holes. In its range (about two-and-a-half octaves), use of ornamentation (gamaka) and repertory it follows the voice (the model for all Karnatak instruments)
v. 5, p. 994 Glossary under vēṇu(Karnatak bamboo flute)
v. 3, p. 719 under veṇu (see vaṃśa ) v. 3, p. 713-4 under vaṃśa A classical Indian term, meaning 'bamboo', 'flute' in Sanskrit... synonym veṇu , also used since classical times, is more often adopted in South India; veṇu is a short bamboo tube..and has eight finger-holes)
under venu (venu (Sanskrit [romanized] veṇu); also called pullankuzhal in Tamil, kūḷalu in Kannada, pillana grōvi or vēṇuvu in Telugu)a bamboo transverse flute used in the Carnatic music. It has a blowing hole near one end, and eight closely placed finger holes)
vēṇuvu
pullāṅkulal
pillana grōvi
kūḷalu
pullankuzhal
A ductless flute used in Carnatic music.
hautbois de Poitou
(Hautbois de Poitou; a straight wind-cap shawm; appeared in three sizes; these three and a small bagpipe with one drone called a cornemuse formed a regular consort in the grande écurie of the kings of France until well into the 17th century; the haubois de Poitou survived in France as a folk instrument into the 19th century)
Grove music online, viewed June 13, 2014
caption (pour orgue portatif, luth, chalumeau soprano, cromorne ténor, hautbois du Poitou, flûtes à bec (sopr., alto), dessus de vièle, viole de gambe, cromorne alto, bomarde ténor, cervelas baryton, rebec, violon)
Work cat: Work cat: Goeyvaerts, K. Pour que les fruits mûrissent cet été, 1975:
rebec
Work cat: Goeyvaerts, K. Pour que les fruits mûrissent cet été, 1975:
(Rebec; rebeck; rebecke; rebekke; a bowed instrument with gut strings, normally with a vaulted back and tapering outline; rebec-type instruments have been known in Europe under different names and in various shapes from the late 10th century or early 11th to the present day, but their use in art music was chiefly during the Middle Ages and Renaissance; bowed lute)
rebecke
rebeck
rebekke
A European bowed lute, normally with a vaulted back and tapering outline.
pin peat
volume 4, page 939 glossary (pinn peat Khmer classical court ensemble)
volume 3, page 719 (pinpeat see bin bāby) volume 1, page 230 (bin bāby orchestra of Kampuchea used to accompany the royal ballet, shadow plays and monastic rites)
page 49 (Pin peat can be grouped into three different ensemble types, depending on milieu: the village, the court, and the University of Fine Arts.)
Sam, Sam-Ang. The pin peat ensemble, 1988:
(Pin Peat. Cambodian ensemble which accompanies court dance, masked plays, shadow plays and ceremonies, in addition to performing outside these contexts. The large ensemble consists of korng tauch and korng thom, (circular gong-chimes); sralai tauch and sralai thom (quadruple reed aerophones); roneat daik (metallophone); roneat aik and roneat thung (xylophones); ching (a pair of small cymbals); skor thom and sampho (drums); and vocalists (neak chrieng). The reduced ensemble often comprises korng thom, sralai thom, roneat aik, sampho, ching and vocalists)
(Pinpeat The pinpeat orchestra or musical ensemble performs the ceremonial music of the royal courts and temples of Cambodia. The orchestra consists of approximately nine or ten instruments, mainly wind and percussion (including several varieties of xylophone and drums). It accompanies court dances, masked plays, shadow plays, and religious ceremonies.)
Work cat: Khmer traditional wedding music, 1990?
bin bādy
pinn peat
pinpeat
bandolín
(bandolin; 15-stringed instrument used as a rhythm instrument in the Andean region of Ecuador during festivals with dancing and music; body shape similar to the bandola, cuatro, or guitar; bandolines)
(bandolin; from Ecuador; has body shaped like a bandola or mandolin, but 5 courses of triple metal strings in guitar tuning; made like a guitar with a flat back, raised fingerboard with metal frets, long, flat tuning head with 7 tuning machines on right and 8 on left; 15 metal strings run over loose bridge to metal tailpiece on end of body, which is different from the bandurria of Peru, which has strings fixed to the body)
Atlas of plucked instruments, viewed February 25, 2014
page 67 (bandolín; possibly derived from the bandurria/bandola; widespread use in Spain and Europe in the 16th-18th centuries; greatest popularity in Ecuador from end of 19th-mid-20th century; flat back; body pear-shaped, rounded, oval, or shaped like a guitar; 5 courses of triple metallic strings)
Work cat: Guncay Albarracín, W., Escuela del bandolín ecuatoriano, 2012:
v. 2, p. 417 ((Ecuador): The bandolín is a type of flat-backed mandolin with five courses of triple strings struck with a plectrum. It is played by Quichua and Iberian-Ecuadorians in the highlands; certain Imbabura villages, such as Ilumán, used to be famous for their proliferation of bandolines)
A 15-stringed instrument from Ecuador that derives from the bandurria and/or bandola.
gamelan genggong
v. 4, p. 754 (Bamboo and wood ensembles. Genggong are palm-rib Jew's harps played in an ensemble; includes guntang (a one-stringed bamboo tube zither functioning as a gong), kendang, suling, and rincik)
p. 51, Genggong. (a) Nama dari salah satu alat yang dibuat dari bahan pupug atau pelepah pohon aren. [= Name of an instrument made from the frond of the areca palm tree.]; (b) Nama dari salah satu perangkat gamelan. Dalam perangkat gamelan genggong, tungguhan genggong jumlahnya paling banyak di antara tungguhan yang lain, dan juga dari segi musical, bunyi tungguhan ini adalah yang paling dominan [= Name of a type of gamelan. In the gamelan genggong, the instrument genggong is more numerous than the other instruments, and its sound is dominant.])
Sukerta, P., Ensiklopedia mini karawitan Bali, 1998.:
talking drum
volume 1, page 471 (Yoruba popular music; dùndún, an hourglass-shaped pressure drum ("talking drum"), now among the most potent symbols of pan-Yoruba identity)
Garland encyclopedia of world music, 1997:
page 1 (The dùndún of southwestern Nigeria is a versatile hourglass-shaped pressure drum used to reproduce the tones and inflections of the Yorùbá language; English colonists referred to it as a “talking drum,” a term that has stuck even though it is a misnomer—all Yorùbá drums can, in fact, “talk”; through their daily recitations of history and oral literature, dùndún musicians have for centuries played an integral role in the social, religious, and political life of Yorùbá -speaking peoples; I use the name dùndún in this paper as an umbrella term for all Yorùbá double-membrane hourglass tension drums, including the related gángán family)
Work cat: Ruskin, Jesse D. The Yorùbá dùndún in local transnational perspective, 2013:
Talking drum (Because of its great tonal flexibility, the hourglass pressure drum is sometimes referred to as "the talking drum"; in general the term includes any drum (including the slit-drum) that is beaten in such a way that certain features of an unvocalized text can be recognized by a listener, these features acting as clues as to the meaning of the words being drummed; used in parts of Africa) Yoruba music (Dominant music today is that known as dundun, its title being taken from the name of the set of double-headed tension drums used for its performance)
Grove music online, viewed October 9, 2014:
(Talking drum; hourlgass-shaped drum from West Africa, whose pitch can be regulated to mimic the tone and prosody of human speech; has two drumheads connected by leather tension cords, which allow the player to modulate the pitch of the drum by squeezing the cords between his arm and body; other names are dondo, odondo, tamanin, lunna, donno, kalangu, dan karbi, igba, doodoo, tama, tamma, dundun, gangan)
dùndún
gángán
tenoroon
(Tenoroon. The tenor bassoon or, "tenoroon," is a member of the bassoon family of double reed woodwind instruments. This group also includes the more widely known bassoon and contrabassoon, along with a smaller version of the tenor bassoon, the octave bassoon)
(Tenoroon. A 19th century tenor member of the bassoon family. It is a transposing instrument, sounding a fourth or a fifth higher than the normal bassoon. It is played with the usual type of double reed and has the same form as its larger relative)
(fagottino (It.); see Tenoroon)
Grove music online, viewed January 25, 2015
Treibmann, Karl Ottomar. Trio II für Violine, Violoncello (Fagottino) und Klavier, 2001.
(Tenoroon [tenor bassoon]. A small bassoon normally pitched a 5th above the standard bassoon)
Grove music online, viewed Mar. 25, 2015
Work cat.: Schwartz, E. Tenor variations : for tenor bassoon (tenoroon) in F and piano, 2013.
tenor bassoon
fagottino
flowerpot
Flowerpot (A flowerpot, flower pot, or plant pot is a container in which flowers and other plants are cultivated and displayed; traditionally made from terracotta; now often also made from plastic, wood, stone, or sometimes biodegradable material)
(flowerpot: a pot in which to grow plants)
Merriam-Webster dictionary online, Sept. 10, 2017
insert, p. 5 (To the earth; scored for one percussionist, playing four flower pots)
(flowerpot, also flower pot: a container that is used for growing plants; plant pot: a container that is used for growing plants [mainly British])
Collins English dictionary website, Oct. 24, 2019
plant pot
flower pot
kaw law
p. 1 (Pōnglāng is a musical instrument played in northeastern Thailand, in particular Kalasin, Khon Kaen, Roi Et and Ubon Ratchathani Provinces. It is made of pieces of wood strung together, similar to the ranāt but without the resonator) p. 21 (Khō̜lō̜ is another name for Pōnglāng. This name comes from the term Kro̜lō̜, which is used to refer to a Pōnglāng ensemble in the Amphoe Muang Kalasin District of Kalasin Province.)
(Kaw law (pong lang): Xylophone with 12 diagonally suspended log bars, found principally in Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailand. Though resembling ancient bamboo instruments of similar design in the Vietnamese highlands, the kaw law attained its present form during the first half of the 20th century. It hangs from a tree or other support with the largest bar at the top and the smallest near the ground. Kaw law also denotes a xylophone of the Lao people in Thailand, consisting of 12 graduated bamboo tubes hanging between a tree and the player's leg.)
Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2nd edition, viewed online Apr. 17, 2015
Pong larng dance from Kalasin, Thailand, 1989?
(pong lang; log xylophone from the Isan region of northeast Thailand; generally played by two players)
p. 145 (bong-lang is from Galasin (Kalasin) province in the northeast region of Thailand; the bong-lang is a vertical xylophone, i.e., a succession of struck hardwood logs each with its own pitch) p. 147 ("According to informants, the proper name of the instrument is kaw-law.")
Miller, T.E. The ranat and bong-lang: the question of origin of the Thai xylophones, via WWW, Apr. 21, 2015:
p. 366 (Kaw law (bong lang): Vertical xylophone with 12 logs, found principally in Kalasin Province, north-eastern Thailand. Though related to ancient instruments of the Vietnamese highlands, the kaw law attained its present form during the 20th century)
bong lang
pong lang
pōnglāng
pong larng
khō̜lō̜
A vertical log xylophone of northeastern Thailand.
talempong
ecip galley (Talempong)
Work cat.: 2015013620: Fraser, J., Gongs and pop songs, 2015
p. 608-609 (West Sumatra Province. Highland Minangkabau. Talempong normally contains three or four pairs of horizontal gongs or two pairs and a single gong, a pair of two-headed drums (gandang), a single-headed drum or frame drum, and in the Sawahlunto-Sijunjung areas, a medium-sized suspended gong or a pair of gongs (aguang). Sometimes an oboe (sarune), a paddy oboe (sarune batang padi), or, in the Pariaman area, a rice stamping trough (dandang lasuang) and a large cylindrical drum (dol) are included)
contrabass trombone
title page (Statements : for contrabass trombone or tuba & piano (1994))
(under Trombone: contrabass trombone)
Grove music online, viewed September 2, 2015
slide whistle
slide whistle (A stopped duct flute, which has no finger-holes, the pitch being altered by means of a piston or stopper, moved up and down inside the cylindrical tube from the lower end by one hand.)
(slide whistle (variously known as a swanee or swannee whistle))
(Swanee whistle (swannee whistle, slide whistle))
(slide whistle, as musical instrument, referred to in 21 records; swanee whistle, as musical instrument, referred to in 0 records; swannee whistle, as phrase, appears in 0 records)
t.p. verso (slide whistle)
(slide whistle referred to in 238 records; swanee whistle referred to in 47 records, chiefly British; swannee whistle referred to in 2 records)
swannee whistle
swanee whistle
ravanne
(ravanne; avanne is a large tambourine-like instrument used in sega music of Mauritius. It is made out of goat skin and before playing, it needs to be heated up)
cover (ravanne)
(ravann (or ravanne) is a large frame drum, 20" (50 cm), held on the lap and played in sega music on the island of Mauritius)
N Scott Robinson world music and percussion website, viewed Oct. 7, 2015
ravann
rouleur
(rouleur or roulèr, a big drum played in a horizontal position with the performer sitting astride; tension, and thus timbre is modified by the feet while the the drum is played with both hands; also spelled houleur, ouleur, oulèr, oulère at various times; traditionally made from a tree trunk, but currently usually made from a barrel, with an animal skin membrane; at least 70 cm long and 50 cm in diameter; may be edged with small cymbals; important in Réunion and Mauritius as the rhythmic base for maloya)
page 168 (Instruments used to accompany the séga and the maloya range from homemade percussion pieces, such as the hide-covered rouleur drum...)
Lonely planet Mauritius, Reunion & Seychelles, 2013, viewed Google books Oct. 7, 2015:
container(Kurwin Castel, rouleur, ravanne)
roulèr
ouleur
oulèr
houleur
oulère
flûte d'amour
(under Flûte d'amour: flûte d'amour or flauto d'amore; pitched in A or B(flat); intermediate size between modern C concert flute and alto flute in G; mezzo-soprano member of flute family; in jazz, B(flat) version is usually used)
(under Flute: flûte d'amour, Liebesflöte, flauto d'amore; flute usually pitched in A, minor 3rd below concert flute)
page 2 (flute d'amore; music written on treble clef staff in G [minor 3rd from E major])
Work cat: Graupner, C. Ouverture in E, GWV 435, flute d'amore, strings, continuo, 2013:
(flute d'amore; in B♭ or A)
(under Flute: flûte d'amour (Ger. Liebesflöte) of the 18th and 19th centuries was pitched in A, a third lower than the normal flute)
Harvard dictionary of music in Credo reference, Oct. 8, 2015
flauto d'amore
flute d'amore
amore, flûte d'
Liebesflöte
A member of the flute family that is associated with Western art music and is pitched in A or B♭, between the C concert flute and the G alto flute.
jazz combo
(combo; an abbreviation for "combination," generally applied to a small jazz group)
Oxford companion to music online, Oct. 6, 2015
(under Jazz band: small bands of three to four musicians are often referred to as combos; also quintets and sextets; common instruments: piano, bass, drums, Hammond organ, saxophone, trumpet, guitar)
A small ensemble associated with jazz that usually consists of 3 to 6 instruments, including piano, bass, drum set, guitar, saxophone, trumpet, percussion, or other instruments.
qudi
caption (qudi)
Work cat: 2015560187: Liang, L. Tremors of a memory chord, [2011]:
s.v. Di [Di zi] (Two basic types of di are usually differentiated, qudi and bangdi. The qudi (‘song flute’) is the prevailing ‘southern’ type, employed in the traditions of central-eastern China, especially in Jiangnan sizhu and kunqu opera (where it is often called kundi). The qudi pitched in A (all holes covered) is externally about 58 cm or more in length, though the vibrating air column (distance between the blow-hole and lower end-holes) is nearly half this (about 34 cm). Its usual range is two octaves and one tone (a′ to b‴).
Grove music online, accessed Jan. 19, 2016
kundi
bangdi
s.v. Di [Di zi] (Two basic types of di are usually differentiated, qudi and bangdi. The bangdi, also known as gaodi (‘high flute’) or duandi (‘short flute’), is the prevailing ‘northern’ type, employed in genres such as bangzi opera and chuige, and in a large solo repertory composed during the 20th century. While structurally the same as the qudi, the bangdi is shorter. For flutes pitched in D (all holes covered), the external length is about 45 cm (the vibrating air column is about 25 cm). Bangdi flutes are pitched in other keys as well (especially E and C). Whereas the qudi is normally associated with slow and lyrical melodies of the Jiangnan region, bangdi melodies are generally lively, requiring a more animated performance style.
caption (bangdi)
gaodi
duandi
tenor viol
under Viol. 1 (During its history the viol was made in many different sizes: pardessus (high treble), treble, alto, small tenor, tenor, bass and violone (contrabass). Only the treble, tenor and bass viols, however, were regular members of the viol consort.)
Grove music online, viewed February 26, 2016:
page 6 (Tenor trope on "In nomine": for tenor viola da gamba)
Work cat: Bishop,M. Prelude and fugue, 2014:
jao pa
Grove dictionary of musical instruments;Grove music online;Garland;Marcuse, S. Musical instruments, 1975;Moule, A. A list of the musical and other sound-producing instruments of the Chinese, 1989;Lee, Y. Chinese musical instruments, 1999
preliminary page (jao pa; hand cymbals)
dan pi ku
bangu (small, high-pitched drum used in Beijing opera; also called danbigu)
Wikipedia, List of Chinese musical instruments, January 9, 2017:
preliminary page (dan pi ku; single-headed drum)
danbigu
bangu
hsiao luo
xiaoluo (a small flat gong whose pitch rises when struck with the side of a flat wooden stick)
preliminary page (hsiao luo; small gong)
xiaoluo (small gong without a boss, beaten with a stick or a thin plate)
Encyclopedia Britannica online, January 9, 2017:
xiaoluo
da kuan hsien
preliminary page (da kuan hsien; 2-stringed bowed instrument)
daguangxian (Chinese bowed two-stringed musical instrument in the huqin family of instruments, held on the lap and played upright; used primarily in Taiwan and Fujian, among the Hakka and Min Nan peoples)
daguangxian
bass marimba
(Marimba, range. Bass range varies, but examples range from G1-G3 or C2-F3)
preliminary page (bass marimba)
Work cat.: 2014568486: Rosenblum, M. Yonah's dream, 2008:
(His instruments. Bass marimba (an 11-bar marimba with organ pipes for resonators))
(constructed by Harry Partch; tuned idiophone; based on the traditional marimba principle; bass marimba (1950, revised 1960))
Photographs of instruments built by Harry Partch and heard in his recorded music (bass marimba: a low-pitched marimba built in 1950, with redwood frame and resonators, 11 Sitka spruce blocks mounted on foam rubber, and played with various mallets, bare hands, felted sticks, and wire whisks)
crychord
preliminary page (crychord)
(His instruments. Crychord; monochord initially invented by a student at the University of Illinois)
162 $aspoils of war (musical instrument)
spoils of war (musical instrument)
(His instruments. Spoils of war; percussion instrument made from seven artillery casings, a resonator, four cloud-chamber bowls, two pieces of tongued bamboo, one woodblock, three steel whang guns, and a guiro)
preliminary page (spoils of war)
Work cat.: 2014568486: Rosenblum, N. Yonah's dream, 2008:
page 191 (an instrument of miscellaneous percussion sounds; called the spoils of war)
surrogate kithara
preliminary page (surrogate kithara)
(His instruments. Surrogate kithara; made of two sets of eight strings, in a horizontal position, each set with a Pyrex rod [as moveable bridge])
bamboo marimba
(His instruments. Bamboo marimba; commonly called boo, consists of 64 segments of bamboo; two models; bamboo marimba I: each piece is closed on one end with a tuned tongue cut in the open end; bamboo marimba II: uses the same tuning as Boo I, but is made entirely from mottled Japanese bamboo, and each segment is open on both ends)
(Boo (bamboo marimba): built 1955-1956; Played with felted sticks and small mallets on the edges of the tongues)
preliminary page (bamboo marimba)
boo (bamboo marimba)
diamond marimba
preliminary page (diamond marimba)
(Harry Partch constructed tuned idiophones; based on the traditional marimba principle: diamond marimba (1946))
(His instruments. Diamond marimba; a physical manifestation of one of his crucial theoretical concepts, the tonality diamond; the instrument contains all twelve of his primary tonalities, each laid in a series of thirds; [consists of 36 separate bars with 29 individual pitches, arranged in a diamond shape])
page 169 (The instrument's name derives from the layout of its blocks, which are arranged in tiered rows, forming a diamond shape of thirty-six blocks with a total pitch range of nearly three octaves)
bass oboe
container (bass oboe)
Work cat: Stock, David. Concertos, ℗2016:
(Baritone oboe (Fr. Hautbois baryton); the deepest voice of the modern orchestral oboe group, pitched an octave below the soprano or “standard” instrument; in English usage, called either bass or baritone oboe; a few organologists reserve the term “bass” for an instrument a 5th lower than this)
(under Oboe: 5(i), Bass oboe; a large oboe pitched an octave below the treble; also known as the baritone oboe, an English translation of Triébert’s name (hautbois baryton) for his 1825 bass oboe; the modern instrument is an enlarged English horn, with a bulb bell and bassoon-like crook bearing the reed)
title page (hb baryton (= hautbois baryton (in French))= baritone oboe)
(The east coast : for bass oboe and chamber orchestra (1994) / Gavin Bryars)
baritone oboe
An oboe pitched an octave below the standard orchestral oboe that is shaped like a large English horn.
wood block
preliminary page (bang zi; Chinese wood blocks)
Chinese wood block (oblong block of wood, 7″ or 8″ long, with slots cut in it; struck with stick of a snare drum gives a hard, hollow tone; other names are clog box and tap box)
Oxford dictionary of music, January 11, 2017 :
woodblock (small wooden slit drum, generally signifying the Western orchestral instrument; woodblocks derive from rectangular wooden slit drums (ban) used as time-beaters by the Han Chinese, hence the occasional specification 'Chinese woodblocks;' however, the two-note cylindrical woodblock, with a slit tube at each end and a solid mid-section, is of Western origin; in ragtime and jazz usage, the woodblock is often referred to as 'clog box' or 'tap box')
Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2014:
bangzi (small, high-pitched wood block)
Wikipedia, List of Chinese musical instruments, May 15, 2017:
bang zi
tap box
bangzi
woodblock
clog box
Chinese wood block
pre-recorded audio
(usage: pre-recorded soudns; pre-recorded samples; sound disc; electronic recording; tape; audio playback; CD; electronic backing track; electronic tape; fixed media audio; pre-recorded elements; recorded media; fixed media; sound file; audio track; digital audio; soundtrack; pre-recorded electronics; field recording)
recorded sound
recorded audio
Sounds generated, captured, or manipulated in advance and later played back as part of the performance of a musical work.
gyil
(gyil (djil); frame xylophone of the Dagara and Lobi people of northwestern Ghana and southwestern Burkina Faso
Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2nd edition
container (Ghanaian gyil)
Work cat.: Cassara, Frank. Apparition, 2015:
djil
riqq
(Riqq (rikk, mriqq, doff al-zinjāri) Small, circular frame drum with jingles, of the Arab countries)
New Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2014:
t.p. (riq)
Work cat.: 2016402575: Henderickx, Wim, Alla turca, 2014:
(Riq, rik, riqq; a type of tambourine)
doff al-zinjāri
rikk
mriqq
riq
rik
A small Arabic circular frame drum with jingles.
bendīr
(bendir, bandir)
(Bendīr; circular single-headed frame drum of North Africa with gut snares running across the underside of the head)
New Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2014
t.p. (bendir)
bandir
Circular single-headed frame drum of North Africa with gut snares running across the underside of the head.
nose flute
(Nose flute; Any kind of flute, tubular or vessel, side- or end-blown, which is sounded by nasal breath. Such flutes have a very wide distribution, but are particularly common in the Pacific Islands and South-east Asia)
page 46 (Nose flutes, blown through the nostril instead of the mouth, occur in all five continents and even Bavaria. Form and type do not matter; there are tubular and globular nose flutes as well as cross and vertical nose flutes)
Sachs, C. History of musical instruments, 2012:
prefatory material (Nasenflöte)
Work cat.: Bauckholt, C. Schlammflocke, 2010:
girls' chorus
t.p. (for SSAA girls chorus, solo soprano, solo mezz-soprano, and orchestra)
caption (for two soprano soli, women's chorus (SSA), two-part girl's chorus and piano)
Work cat.: 2016563510: Walker, G. Words of strength, c2014:
t.p. (for six girls' choruses)
taille
(Oboe; Taille de hautbois, a tenor oboe in F, a 5th below the treble; about 1700 the instrument began to be fitted with a bulb bell; by the 1720s horns had replaced tenor oboes in wind bands. However, a preference for the older consort instrumentation was retained in some locations, and tailles continued to be made for several more decades. The instrument had disappeared by about 1780)
page 68 (The taille which appears before 1720 must be regarded as a straight tenor oboe, which makers continued to produce through the mid-century; when the taille appears in a score after 1720, it could very well be a curved instrument such as an oboe da caccia or a cor anglais)
Dahlqvist, R. Taille, oboe da caccia and corno inglese, in The Galpin Society Journal, vol. 26, May 1973, accessed through JSTOR, May 19, 2017:
(The taille (Fr. taille de hautbois, "tenor oboe") was a low pitched, two-keyed oboe which was in common use in Baroque orchestras between the early 17th and mid-18th Centuries. It was pitched lower than both the oboe da caccia and the oboe d'amore; Unlike some models of those instruments, the taille was not curved and was never fitted with the flared bell from which addition the instruments in its family evolved into the modern english horn)
preface (The present edition is based on the printed set, Jean Michel Muller. XII Sonates à un Haitbois de Concert, qu'on doit jouer sur cet Instrument surtout quand il y a écrit Solo, deux Hautbois ou Violons, une Taille, un Fagot & Basse Continue pour le Clavecin, ou Basse de Violon)
Work cat.: Muller, J.M. Sonata 12 in B flat, 2012:
taille d'hautbois
taille de hautbois
musical saw
(musical saw)
liner notes (musical saw)
Work cat.: Rosser, Kip. Lessons from vinegar mother, 2016:
(saw, musical [singing saw]: A carpenter's saw, sometimes specially made without teeth, held between the knees and played with a bow or hammer. Flexing the blade controls the pitch.)
Oxford companion to music, Oxford music online, May 23, 2017
(Saw, musical (fr. lame musicale; Ger. singende Säge); a flexible handsaw played by drawing a fiddle bow across the straight edge of the blade or striking the blade with a soft mallet)
saw, musical
saw, singing
singing saw
amplified palette
p. 9 (musical instrument built in 1991 by Hal Rammel; an artist's palette with a contact mic and vertically-mounted rods, played with a variety of bows and mallets)
Work cat: Rammel, Hal. The amplified palette, 2016:
handchime choir
(handchime choir(s) (ca. 26,700 hits) handchime team(s) (ca. 2,730 hits) handchime ensemble(s) (ca. 827 hits))
page 35 (methods of leading a handchime choir)
Theurer, K. The bells are ringing!, 2003:
caption (reproducible materials for the beginning handbell/handchime choir)
Work cat: Burkhardt, M. Sing 'n' ring, 2017:
handchime ensemble
handchime team
An ensemble consisting of two or more handchimes.
Wagner tuba
(Wagner tuba; a valved brass instrument meant to bridge the gap between horns and trombones)
Oxford companion to music online, September 18, 2017
(Wagner tuba; brass instrument that combines elements of the French horn and the trombone; also referred to as Wagner horns or Bayreuth tubas; some scholars claim the instrument is poorly named, as it is more of a modified horn than a tuba)
Besetzung (Wagnertuba in F)
Work cat.: Gander, B. "bunny games", 2017:
(Wagner horn)
Bayreuth tuba
Wagner horn
tap bell
t.p. verso (a "Cabanaz" desk bell)
Work cat: 2017468009: Essl, K. Viribvs vnitis, 2015:
(tap bell; a signal bell giving a single ring, as one announcing the approach to a certain floor of an elevator)
(tap bells)
(call bell; a bell used to summon an attendant or give an alarm or notice)
call bell
desk bell
unison chorus
caption (unison voices [i.e. chorus] and piano)
Work cat.: 2017564221: Silverman, B. L. Two songs on texts by Robert Louis Stevenson, 2012:
(Unison chorus)
(Chorus, (1): a body of singers who perform together, either in unison or in parts, usually with more than one on a part)
Harvard Dictionary of Music, 4th ed., 2003:
(chorus (i): A group of singers who perform together either in unison or, much more usually, in parts)
sybyzghy
(collection of kuyis to be played on the sybyzghy)
Work cat.: Altaĭ-Tarbaghataĭ ȯn͡gīrīnīn͡g sybyzghy ku̇ĭlerī, 2008
(sybyzghy; upright end-blown flute of the Kazakhs that is usually accompanied by the vocal drone sounds of khoomoi throat singing)
sybyzghy (сыбызғы); a Kazakh and Kyrgyz sideblown flute traditionally played by shepherds and horse herders, made of apricot wood or wood of mountain bushes; has own repertory called kuu; a type of choor)
glossary (Sybyzghy; side-blown or end-blown flute that figures in nomadic musical traditions and can be made from wood, reed, or the wood of mountain bushes as well as from metal; usually accompanied by a drone produced by throat singing; also sybysghy, sybyzgy, sybysgy, sybyzyk)
sybysghy
sybyzgy
sybyzyk
sybysgy
A Kazakh or Kyrgyz side- or end-blown flute made from wood, reed, or metal.
OOVE
(OOVE, aluminum, wood, magnetic pickups, driver circuits; 1994)
Oliver DiCiccio WWW site, January 3, 2018
front matter (instrumentation includes optional OOVE)
(We met with composer Nathaniel Stookey who told us about this brand new instrument that inspired his new piece called YTTE (Yield To Total Elation). The OOVE was made by a friend of his, Oliver DiCicco who has a workshop in San Francisco... The OOVE is approached by an electromagnet; as the electromagnet gets closer to the fields created by the nodes, it reacts by vibrating the strings)
Red Curtain Addict WWW site, January 3, 2018
Talerschwingen
(Das Talerschwingen oder Talerrollen ist ein Spiel, welches seinen Platz in der Volksmusik hat. Es gehört zur Familie der Gefässrasseln)
de.wikipedia.org, viewed February 26, 2018:
Switzerland. Traditional music. General characteristics. (This yodel is often accompanied by idiophonic timbres such as Schellenschütteln (the shaking of large cowbells) and Talerschwingen (in which a coin is swirled around in an earthenware basin))
Grove Music Online, viewed February 26, 2018:
page 1 (Talerschwingen (Drone); Talerschwingen are Swiss folk instruments consisting of a small to medium-sized glazed milking bowl in which a 5 Swiss Franc coin is circulated on the inside with a gentle rocking motion of the bowl. Traditionally, these bowls were meant to imitate the sound of cow bells and provide an underlying fundamental pitch for yodelers)
Work cat: Heukeshoven, A. E. And they have lies, 2015:
Talerrollen
subcontrabass flute
page 174 (Subcontrabass flutes; the subcontrabass flute in G is pitched an octave below the contra-alto flute, and the double contrabass flute (also known as the subcontrabass flute in C, or the octobass flute) is pitched an octave below the contrabass flute.)
Miller, R. Contemporary orchestration, 2015:
(Members of the western concert flute family; subcontrabass flute; an instrument in the key of G, pitched a fourth below the contrabass flute in C and two octaves below the alto flute in G; it is sometimes also called a double contra-alto flute.)
page 1 (subcontrabass flute)
double contra-alto flute
A flute in G, pitched two octaves below the alto flute and two and a half octaves below the concert flute.
basso profondo
Basso profondo (A term first used in the late 19th century to describe a particularly deep, resonant bass voice, often associated with Russian basses and choral singing)
(Basso profondo; sometimes basso profundo or contrabass; an oktavist is an exceptionally deep-ranged basso profondo, especially typical of Russian Orthodox choral music; also spelled octavist)
Basso profondo (Italian term for a 'deep bass' voice, distinguished from the basso cantante (or singing bass) not simply by depth of voice but also in the power and weighty tone expected of the singer)
cover (basso profundo solo and chorus)
Work cat.: Chesnokov, P. Ne otverzhi mene, 2004:
oktavist
octavist
basso profundo
contrabass voice
kudyapi
(kutiyapi; kudyapi; Philippine two-stringed, fretted boat-lute)
Philippines (kudyapi; two-string lute)
Grove music online, viewed March 19, 2018:
pages 12-14 (kutyapi; used in the Southern Philippines; two-stringed plucked lute; consists of a resonating chamber and a neck with strings that run the full length of the instrument; also called boat lute; variant spellings used by different ethnic groups in different regions include kudyapi)
Work cat.: Sulaiman, Samaon. Mamayóg, 2011:
kutyapi
kutiyapi
boat lute
portative
(Portative organ (portatif organ, portativ organ, or simply portative, portatif, or portativ); small pipe organ that consists of one rank of flue pipes, sometimes arranged in two rows, to be played while strapped to the performer at a right angle)
under Portative (organetto; organino; little organ of treble flue pipes carried by a strap over the player’s shoulder) under Positive (a positive is a movable organ as distinct from a portative or portable organ)
t.p. (organ (portatif))
Work cat: 2016562868: Handel, G.F. Concerto for brass quintet and orchestra, 2012:
portative organ
organino
organetto
portatif organ
portativ organ
portatif
portativ
A small organ of treble flue pipes carried by a strap over the player’s shoulder.
quadrachord
preliminary page (Quadrachord; 15-foot long instrument invented by Paul Dresher and Daniel Schmidt, with 4 strings that can be plucked or bowed)
Work cat: Dresher, Paul. Chromatic quadrachord, 2001:
Works; Invented musical instruments (The quadrachord; “With four strings over 13 feet long, each with two bridges that each have an electric bass pickup adjacent to each bridge, the Quadrachord can be plucked like a guitar, bowed like cello, played like a slide guitar, prepared like a piano, and hammered on like a percussion instrument. With its extremely long strings, it can play harmonics up to the 36th partial and above and thus offers unique opportunities to explore alternative tuning systems based on the harmonic series.”)
Paul Dresher Ensemble WWW site, June 27, 2018:
("...the Quadrachord, a zither-like instrument with four 160-inch-long strings...")
kā’eke’eke
(kā’eke’eke; Hawaiʻian stamping tube, played in pairs. Each tube is made of hard, thin-walled native Hawaiʻian bamboo(Schizo-stachyum)open at the top and with the closed node end near the bottom. The pairs are of unequal length and are stamped vertically on a hard surface)
(The ka'eke'eke is a Hawaiian idiophone consisting of a bamboo tube, usually between 0.3 and 1.0 metres. The ka'eke'eke is played by striking it against a mat on the ground. They are sometimes used to accompany hula)
container (Jon Magnussen, ka'eke'eke)
Work cat: Magnussen, Jon. Pākaʻa lanakila!, 2015:
tlapitzalli
prefatory material (clarinetist doubles on a Mexican tlapitzalli, a clay 5-hole flute with an opening on the underside for the thumb)
page 41 (tlapizalli, clay duct flutes, may have multiple chambers or pipes)
Sturman, J. Course of Mexican music, 2015:
Huilacapitztli (The tlapitzalli is an Aztec end-blown flute, usually made of clay but sometimes of wood or bone. It is found in various shapes (straight, curved, Y-shape) and sizes from 15 to 35 cm long. The proximal end has a duct mouthpiece and the distal end is often flared. It can have up to four bores which can be blown together or separately)
bass trumpet
page I (trombone (also bass trumpet in B flat))
Work cat: 2017564934: Gervasoni, S. Fado errático, 2015:
(The orchestral bass trumpet was designed to Wagner's specifications for the Ring...Since Wagner, other composers--including Richard Strauss and Stravinsky--have been attracted to write for the bass trumpet)
Oxford Music Online, September 19, 2018:
piccolo trumpet
page I (trumpet in B flat (also piccolo trumpet in B flat))
(modern trumpeters, because of the variety of musical styles in which they are required to play...need at least three or four instruments, including ones pitched in...high B♭/A (piccolo trumpet))
garklein recorder
Aulos A501S garklein recorder (piccolo recorder in C''', commonly known as the Garklein, is only 7 inches long)
Groth Music Company WWW site, February 26, 2019:
page 80 (garklein recorder; c''' [C6])
(garklein recorder; also known as the sopranissimo; smallest of the recorder family; range is C6 to A7)
(for piccolo or garklein recorder [i.e., for piccolo recorder, also known as garklein recorder])
sopranissimo recorder
piccolo recorder
thunder sheet
(thunder sheet, Ger. Donnerblech); thunder sheet, a large metal sheet which is suspended and shaken)
preliminary page (thundersheet)
Work cat: Wang, M. Gesang eines Zugvogels, [2018]:
thundersheet
roto-tom
Work cat.: Kraft, W. Encounters VI : concertino for roto toms and percussion quartet, ©1977.
(roto-tom: A small drum with no shell, which can be tuned within a range of about an octave by rotating the head, and which is often mounted on a rack as part of a set)
Oxford English dictionaries website, Jan. 26, 2019
(Roto-toms. Tunable single-headed drums without a shell - in effect, tunable drumheads. They were invented in the 1960s by the American composer and percussionist Michael Colgrass. Roto-toms may be used singly or in sets, each drum connected by a light metal frame to a centre spindle; the pitch is raised by turning the drum clockwise and flattened by turning it anticlockwise; made by the American manufacturer Remo in seven sizes, from 15 cm to 46 cm in diameter, and with an overall range of e″-e‴″; normally played with timpani or vibraphone mallets)
rototom
bass-horn (serpent)
(Bass-horn; An early variety of upright Serpent invented by Louis Alexandre Frichot in the 1790s. It is classified as a trumpet. The instrument consists of a conical tube about 230 cm long and generally made of copper. The larger end terminates in a widely flared bell and the smaller in a graceful swan-neck crook; enjoyed considerable popularity in England for more than 30 years, but never taken up on the Continent)
Grove music online, searched March 20, 2019
page 1 (Andante und Allegro vivace ("Nocturno") für elf Blasinstrumente, MWV P 1; composed in 1826; for flute, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, trumpet, and English bass horn) page xxiii (English bass horn = corno di inglese di basso; close relative of the serpent horn)
Work cat: Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Felix. Weitere Orchesterwerke, 2018:
(English bass horn; corno di basso; corno inglesa di basso; upright serpent with V-shape, flaring bell, swan-shaped bocal, 6 fingerholes and 3-4 keys; typically made of metal (copper or brass); thought to have been invented by Louis Alexandre Frichot in 1799; distinct from the basse-trompette, antoher type of upright serpent patented by Frichot in 1810; used in British and Germany military bands, as well as within orchestral or harmoniemusik ensembles)
Berlioz historical brass, WWW site, searched March 8, 2019
corno inglesa di basso
corno di inglese di basso
English bass horn
corno di basso
An upright serpent, consisting of a 230 cm long conical tube, a widely flared bell, and a swan-neck crook, that is generally made out of copper or brass.
harmonichord
page 157 (harmonichord; each string had a short wooden rod attached to it, at right angles to the plane of the strings. The rod had a notched end into which the string was clamped. A single, constantly rotating, wooden roller covered with suede ran across the rods and when a rod was urged into contact with the roller the resulting friction excited longitudinal oscillation of the rod and transverse vibration of the string to which it was connected)
Lloyd, B. A designer's guide to bowed keyboard instruments in Galpin Society Journal, vol. 56 (Jun. 2003):
title page (Adagio und Rondo : für Harmonichord und Orchester (WeV N.12)) critical notes (The harmonichord; instrument in the form of a giraffe piano developed in 1809 by Johann Gottfried Kaufmann and his son Johann Friedrich; necessitated a human player; the strings were not struck by a hammer, but were set to vibrating by indirectly transmitted friction; for this purpose, located between the keyboard and strings over the entire width of the keyboard was a rotating wooden cylinder covered in leather and lavishly rosined; by pressing a key, the rear end of a horizontal wooden rod located between the strings and the cylinder was pressed against the cylinder; the vibrations were transferred to the notched front end of the wooden rod, where the string was located)
Work cat: Weber, C. Adagio und Rondo, 2018:
(Harmonichord; a kind of upright piano in which the strings are set in vibration not by the blow of the hammer but by indirectly transmitted friction)
Sostenente piano; Transmitted vibrations (harmonichord; similar to the clavicylinder; resembled an upright piano, and had pedals that activated a long rotating cylinder above the keyboard)
qashkarcha
p. 1 (qashkarcha)
Work cat: 2018383014: Harrison, S. Sapida-dam-nau, 2016:
(The qashqarcha is a 5-stringed, fretted and plucked, lute-like musical instrument made from mulberry or apricot wood and found in modern Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Northern Afghanistan, particularly Badakhshan province; in two sizes, the smaller ~95 cm in length, the larger ~105 cm in length; a melodic instrument used to accompany singers; the word 'qashqar' translates to 'ram’; at the top of the scroll and the base of the neck, above the body, decorative wooden protrusions are carved to resemble ram horns.)
Email correspondence from Robin Ryczek, Music Instructor, Afghanistan National Institute of Music, Feb. 7, 2019:
boys' chorus
Bernstein, Leonard. Kaddish : Kaddish : symphony no. 3 for orchestra, mixed chorus, boy's choir, speaker, and soprano solo, 1980.
In concert with Northwest Boychoir, ℗1976.
Prokofiev, Sergey. Summer day : op. 65a : children suite for small orchestra ; A winter camp-fire : op. 122 : suite for boy chorus and symphonic orchestra, ℗1966.
Britten, Benjamin. Spring symphony : opus 44, for soprano, contralto and tenor solos, mixed chorus, boys' choir and orchestra, 2005?
Christmas with the Honolulu Boy Choir, ℗1980.
disc label (The Toronto Boys Choir)
Work cat.: The Toronto Boys Choir, 2005:
Columbus Boychoir. The Columbus Boy Choir sings at-- Spoleto's Festival of Two Worlds, 1973.
(OCoLC)620156
Bernstein, Leonard. Kaddish : symphony no 3, for orchestra, mixed chorus, boys' choir, speaker (woman) and soprano solo, ©1965.
boychoir
boy chorus
cümbüş
t.p. verso (instrumentation: flute, clarinet in B flat, trumpet, percussion,voice, Appalachian dulcimer/steel-stringed guitar/Electric guitar/Cümbüş, viola, cello, bass, live electronics)
Work cat: 2017564981: Trapani, C. Waterlines, 2012:
volume 1, page 730 (cümbüş, fretless Turkish lute played with plectrum, invented in 1930, popular in Turkish folk and popular music)
The Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2nd ed., 2014:
inanga
side B disc label (cinq chansons avec accompagnement de cithare Inanga; deux chansons avec accompagnement de cithare Inanga)
Inanga (inanga; eight-string trough zither of Rwanda, Burundi, and the Kivu area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; carved from a single piece of wood 65 to 95 cm long and 20 to 30 cm wide; the bottom of the interior is slightly concave; the interior walls are more steeply concave; the ends, slightly rounded on the outside, have several deep triangular notches corresponding to the number of strings; one length of string is threaded via the notches back and forth from one end to the other; a wooden stick can be inserted beneath the strings at each end to increase the tension and assist tuning; the strings are normally plucked by the fingers, but there are older accounts suggesting that they are also struck with the nails of the middle and index fingers supported by the thumb; used to accompany songs and dances, most notably praise and historical songs; in the north and northeast of Kivu the instrument is traditionally associated with magic practices and the cult of Biheko; the Bembe of the Maniema region use the variant term nanga for a seven-string zither of this type; the Shi call the instrument langa; the Hutu and Fuliru call it lulanga; ikivuvu and indimbagazo are alternative names for the Rundi zither)
indimbagazo
nanga
lulanga
ikivuvu
langa
metronome
t.p. verso (All singers will be provided with a metronome) p. 5 (Each singer triggers a metronome at the specified time)
Work cat: 2018417595: Hersant, P. Métamorphoses, [2018]:
metronome (Term denoting various devices that either indicate or regulate the pulse of musical movement; the word has come to signify diverse tempo technologies including simple pendulums, pocketwatch tickers, light- and sound-emitting electronics, and the click tracks integral to digital music programmes.) 3. modern uses (The metronome ... appears as a musical instrument in its own right.)
double-bell euphonium
title page (The green lion eats the sun : for double-bell euphonium)
Work cat: Lim, Liza. The green lion eats the sun, 2015:
page 3 (The double bell euphonium consists of two instruments of the same pitch with different tone qualities, connected by a single lead pipe; it is essentially a conically bored baritone or euphonium and a cylindrically bored valve trombone combined in a single instrument, with a shared leadpipe and valve cluster) pages 7-9 (Bohland and Fuchs of Graslitz built the first double-belled tenor range instrument in the 1870s, a baritone/valve trombone combination… this seems to have been the first actual example of a double bell euphonium; The C. G. Conn Company of Elkhart, Indiana began working on the first American-made double bell euphonium in the late 1880; by 1890 several European instrument makers were producing double-belled baritone/trombone instruments under various names: for example, Higham of Manchester marketed a Highamphone, and Fontaine-Besson of Paris dubbed their instrument a Doblophone; by the final decade of the nineteenth century all of the instruments were a combination B-flat baritone horn (conical bore) and B-flat valve trombone (cylindrical bore), but bell placement, valve placement, and tubing wraps differed greatly from company to company and even within the same company from year to year)
Mallett, Edward Keith. The double bell euphonium, 1996:
double-belled euphonium
hyperbass flute
(the Hyperbass flute; invented in the early aughts by flautist and sound artist, Roberto Fabbriciani, the hyperbass flute is the longest and lowest flute ever made. The flute consists of nearly 50 feet worth of PVC tubing and wood, and it’s lowest note, a C0, registers at 16 Hz, below the range of human hearing)
Flypaper website, viewed Sept. 24, 2019:
container (Roberto Fabbriciani, hyperbass flute) insert (The HyperBass is the largest of the instruments in the flute family. The instrument was conceived by Mr. Fabbriciani in 1976 and constructed in 2001 in Germany. The lowest note sounds a C, four octaves below the C flute. The HyperBass flute does not have a series of keys but has six registers based on the fundamental pitches of C0, G1, D2, A2, E3 and C4)
Work cat: Lamneck, E. Winds of the heart, ℗2010:
hyper bass flute
bass instrument
authorized access point (Vanhal, Johann Baptist, 1739-1813. Trios, violins (2), bass instrument. Selections)
Work cat: Vanhal, J.B. Trios faciles, 1812:
Bass (i) (bass was once the generic term for any and all bass instruments, including cello, bassoon, and double bass. The modern practice of identifying every bass instrument by name in musical sources was not fully established until the 19th century)
Vanhal, Johann Baptist (74 Trios für 2 V. und Bass)
triple harp
vol. 8, p.347 (The Italian chromatic harp (the triple harp), introduced into England by the mid-1600s, became so popular in Wales that is was known as the Welsh harp until the 1800s, when the pedal harp largely displaced it)
The Garland encyclopedia of world music, 2000:
(Triple harp; type of multi-course harp employing three parallel rows of strings instead of the more common single row; one common version is the Welsh triple harp (telyn deires); originated in 16th-century Italy)
t.p. (for baroque triple harp)
Work cat: 2018417859: Yurtsevich, Aliona, Harpia, 2017:
Welsh harp (triple harp)
Baroque triple harp
Italian chromatic harp
Welsh triple harp
A chromatic harp with three parallel rows of strings.
percussion tube
caption (SSA choir, boomwhackers and piano)
Work cat: Papoulis, J. Gnothi safton, 2014:
(111.23, Percussion tubes, subset of 111.2, Percussion idiophones)
Boomwhackers (Registered trademark for sets of tuned percussion tubes); Stamping tube (Stamping tube [stamping stick, pounding stick]; An idiophone, classified by Hornbostel and Sachs as a percussion tube. It is normally a tube of wood or bamboo, which is stamped on the ground or against another object)
(Percussion tube, a percussion instrument in the form of a tube)
Beck, J.H. Encyclopedia of percussion, 2013
stamping tube
pounding stick
boomwhacker
stamping stick
page 15 (112.2 [that is, 112.1], Shaken idiophones or rattle; subset of indirectly struck idiophones; instruments in which the player executes a shaking motion)

An unspecified or undetermined idiophone in which the percussion is produced by shaking the instrument.

page 16 (112.2; scraped idiophones; subset of indirectly struck idiophones; the player causes a scraping movement directly or indirectly; this group must not be confused with that of friction idiophones)

An unspecified or undetermined idiophone in which the percussion is produced by a scraping movement.

egg shaker
title page verso (optional percussion parts include egg shaker)
Work cat: Zullinger, N. ¡Aleluya! Christo resucitó, 2018:
egg shaker (hand percussion instrument, in the idiophone category, that makes a noise when shaken. Typically the outer casing or container is ovoidal or egg-shaped)
vibraslap
instrumentation page (double bass (auxiliary percussion: vibraslap))
volume 5, page 176 (Vibra-slap: Rattle consisting of a trapezoidal, open-ended wooden box enclosing a frame of loosely held metal slugs or pins, to which is attached a roughly U-shaped, flexible metal rod handle bearing a wooden ball at the other end. The player holds the bent rod in the middle and strikes the ball with the palm of the other hand; the vibrations of the rod activate the rattling pins to produce a sound that quickly dies away.)
The vibraslap is a percussion instrument consisting of a piece of stiff wire (bent into a U-shape) connecting a wood ball to a hollow box of wood with metal “teeth” inside. The percussionist holds the metal wire in one hand and strikes the ball (usually against the palm of their other hand). The box acts as a resonating body for a metal mechanism placed inside with a number of loosely fastened pins or rivets that vibrate and rattle against the box. The instrument is a modern version of the jawbone)
vibra-slap
tanburag
container (Ali-Mohammad Baluch, sorud (qeychak); Golmohammad Baluch Qasr-e Qandi & Rahmdel Parvance, tamburak; note album is part of the series Regional music of Iran)
Work cat: Music of Baluchistan (Makkoran), 2017:
Iran III. Regional and popular traditions. 3. Instruments and ensembles ("Baluchistan has four distinctive chordophones, the most important being the sorud or qeychak ... The sorud is often accompanied by the tanburag (also known as tanbire and setār: 'three strings'). This instrument is larger than the classical setār (about 125cm long) and has three strings. It is an accompanying instrument, providing a rhythmic drone") Setār ("Persian word, meaning 'three strings', used in Iran for a lute of the Ṭanbūr family with a small body, a long neck and four metal strings (three until the middle of the 19th century). It is played in classical Iranian music, mostly solo or to accompany singing. ... In Baluchistan, the setār (also tanburag) is a larger instrument with one low string and a double course tuned a 4th higher. It serves solely as a rhythmic drone for the singing of bards (pahlavān) or to accompany other instruments, notably the sorud")
CD 2 insert, page 4 ("Tanbireh, also called tanbureh, tanbirak, tanburak, according to various regions and musicians, is a long-necked lute with three thick metallic stings and a large sound box"; note album is part of the series Regional music of Iran) )
tamburak
setār (tanburag)
tanburak
tanbireh
tanbureh
tanbirak
tanbire
Three-stringed plucked long-necked lute of Iranian Baluchistan, used as an accompanying instrument to provide a rhythmic drone.
doneli
Iran III. Regional and popular traditions. 2. Ritual and ceremony. (v) Therapy ("In the Baluchi gwāti ceremony, various tunes are played on the sorud (double-chested fiddle) or doneli (double duct flute) until one pleases the spirit (gwāt) responsible for the patient's illness) 3. Instruments and ensembles ("The drone function is inherent in the structure of the Baluchi doneli, a double duct flute related to those of the Indian subcontinent. The 'male' flute which plays the melody has up to 11 finger-holes, of which only the lower six are used; the 'female' has eight holes, some filled with wax to produce the appropriate drone"; partly shares a solo repertory with the double-chested fiddle sorud (or qeychak))
CD2 insert, page 4 (do-ney; do-neli in Baluchi; a double flute; note that the album is part of the series Regional music of Iran) page 9 ("The do-ney is called doneli in Baluchi. One ney is considered masculine and plays the melody and the other, feminine, gives the pedal note") page 12 (doney)
Work cat: Guat & Zekr in Baluchestân, 2017:
do-ney
do-neli
doney
Double duct flute of Iranian Baluchistan.
esrāj
(esraj; israj; Indian bowed string instrument; modern variant of the dilruba; similar construction to the dilruba, with a medium-sized sitar-like neck with 20 heavy metal frets; the esraj has 4 main strings, and 12-15 sympathetic strings)
program (Eğilmez başın gibi gökler bulutlu; for violin, guitar, esraj, piano)
Work cat: 2019 CI salon series concerts:
(esrāj (long-necked fiddle of Bengal (India and Bangladesh); pear-shaped resonator, with a goatskin sound table; usually played with a cello bow; primarily used to accompany Bengali art song; Hindustani music; commonly used as an accompanying instrument for the voice, and sometimes as a solo instrument, in popular and classical urban music)
(under India, subcontinent of: Instrumental traditions 6(i), Esrāj; fretted bowed lute in south Asia)
israj
A long-necked, fretted fiddle of Bengal. For the long-necked, fretted fiddle of Northern India and Pakistan, see [dilrubā.]
rapper
Rap (characterized by semi-spoken rhymes declaimed over a rhythmic musical backing)
title page (for rapper (narrator) and orchestra in in seven scenes)
Work cat: Gould, Morton. The jogger and the dinosaur, 1993:
container (Chance the Rapper)
Rapper (a performer of rap music)
Merriam-Webster WWW site, October 7, 2019:
A vocalist who uses semi-spoken rhymes declaimed over a rhythmic musical backing. For a vocalist who primarily creates sounds with the mouth that approximate, imitate, or otherwise serve the same purpose as a percussion instrument, see [vocal percussion.]
jarana huasteca
(jarana huasteca; guitar-like chordophone with 5 strings; also called jarana de son huasteco or jaranita; plucked string instrument)
Work cat: Work cat: Morenos, J. Tsentsen ajab, 2018.
jarana (jarana huasteca; used in the Huasteca region of northeastern Mexico; has five single strings; built like a guitar; traditionally made from red cedar and a fingerboard of local hardwood, with 10 or 11 frets)
jaranita
jarana de son huasteco
encephalophone
(contains performances of encephalophone with jazz ensemble and encephalophones (2) with jazz ensemble) program notes (encephalophone is a prosthetic which uses EEG signal ('brain wave') from paralyzed individuals to play musical instruments hands-free)
Work cat.: Music of today, April 19, 2019 : performing with the brain : a musical performance, 2019
(the encephalophone, a new instrument you can play without moving a muscle; a neuro-musical invention: the encephalophone; to play the encephalophone, a musician wears an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap fitted with electrodes that read brain waves and transmit them to a synthesizer; Other musicians and scientists have used EEG technology to make sound before, Deuel said, but only "passively generated sound" based on brain activity. The encephalophone, he explained, is "an EEG-controlled musical instrument")
Kiley, B. Meet the encephalophone : an instrument you can play with your mind, just by thinking, in Seattle times, Mar. 23, 2017, viewed online Mar. 11, 2020
(The encephalophone uses electroencephalography (EEG), a noninvasive technique for measuring electrical activity in the brain; neurologist Dr. Thomas Deuel at the University of Washington holds a patent on his particular version, which uses EEG motor imagery to control a synthesized keyboard. But the electroencephalophone was actually invented in the 1940s at the University of Edinburgh--obviously not a digital version at that time)
Making music with brain waves, via The musician's brain blog, viewed Mar. 11, 2020
(Encephalophone; UW20160027423A1; a novel musical instrument was created using electroencephalogram (EEG) motor imagery to control a synthesized piano, and is herein named the Encephalophone. Alpha-frequency (8-12 Hz) signal power, originating from either posterior dominant rhythm (PDR) in the occipital cortex or from mu rhythm in the motor cortex, was used to create a power scale which was then converted into a musical scale which could be manipulated by the individual. Subjects could then generate different notes of the scale by activation (event-related synchronization) or de-activation (event-related desynchronization) of the PDR or mu rhythms in occipital or motor cortex, respectively)
(Electroencephalophone or encephalophone; experimental musical instrument and diagnostic tool which uses brain waves to generate or modulate sounds; electroencephalophone is a quintephone in the sense that it creates sound from "5th classical element" (i.e. from beyond the world of matter))
electroencephalophone
sabar
entry for Sabar (Family of drums of Senegal associated with Wolof griots; term is used to refer to an ensemble of such drums, but also to one of the two types of drums in the ensemble; the term is also used for any of these drums "by outsiders, for instance on the international market for 'ethnic' percussion instruments." Specialist woodworkers carve the instruments from single pieces of hardwood, while the drummers attach goatskin heads with wooden pegs; most sabar drums are played with one bare hand and one light stick. Regarding the two types of drums: "The first type is slightly hourglass-shaped, open at the bottom; the single head (20-25 cm in diameter) is affixed to the pegs with extra lacings. ... The second type is slightly egg-shaped, has two heads 20-25 cm in diameter, and has no extra lacing around the pegs, making it easy to tune." This second type comes in different sizes and includes the nder (80 to more than 100 cm tall), the mbeng-mbeng (55-60 cm), the tungune (40-45 cm), the col (or lamb: 65-70 cm), and the talmbat (slightly shorter than the col). "Sabar drumming is the main profession and cultural emblem of Wolof griots (gewel), and is an extremely prominent genre in Senegal. Music for neighbourhood dance events is so closely associated with the sabar ensemble that the event, too, is called sabar. Among the occasions for sabar performance are life cycle ceremonies such as weddings or name-givings, and wrestling matches. ... Ensembles usually comprise 6 to 12 players, with instrumental parts duplicated in the latter case. Other types of drums might be added to the sabar ensemble. Sabar drums also play a fundamental role in the major Senegalese style of popular music, mbalax, made famous internationally by Youssou N'Dour. The modern mbalax ensemble’s musical roles are conceived as representing the traditional drum ensemble's parts, with amplified lead vocals performing the role of nder, electric bass guitar taking on the col's lead bass part, and so forth. Yet sabar drums are also present in the pop bands' line-up; in addition to a modern drum-set, one or two percussionists usually play multiple set-ups of several traditional sabar drums affixed to stands")
container (Fofoulah's vocalist, Kaw Secka, also plays sabar on the recording) (DLC)2020619836
col
mbeng-mbeng
talmbat
tungune
lamb (drum)
nder
ngoni
insert (Bassekou Kouyate, lead ngoni; Abou Sissoko, medium ngoni; Maadou Kouyate, bass ngoni) (DLC)2020621605
Work cat: Kouyate, Bassekou. Miri, 2019:
entry for Nkoni (ngoni) (Plucked half-spike lute of the Manding people of West Africa; "These wooden lutes with a trough-like resonator and fan-shaped bridge were probably the oldest melody instruments used by jeliya (griot, professional court musicians), who did not play hunters' harps. After the decline of the Mali empire in the 15th century the Manding moved westward into Guinea, Senegal, and the Gambia, creating a linguistic and cultural Mande diaspora reflected in various griot names for the nkoni: koni (Maninka and Xasonka); kontingo/konting (Mandinka); ngoni (Bamana, Bambara), and so on"; 1-7 strings, most commonly 4 (2 long and 2 short); "The strings are knotted at one end with leather tuning strips to a dowel-like, unfretted neck, and pass over a bridge on the skin soundtable and through a sound hole to be attached at the opposite end to the exposed end of the neck, which terminates at that point within the resonator"; currently, various sizes and pitches--nkoni ba (large and deep), nkoni micin (small and high-pitched)--as well as variants--wasulu donso (hunter's) nkoni and its derivative kamalean nkoni, the Mandinka sinbingo--are used)
nkoni
koni
kontingo
konting
taegŭm
Taegŭm (Large transverse bamboo flute of Korea (tae: ‘large’; gŭm: ‘flute’). It is also called chŏ or chŏttae.)
Oxford music online, September 25, 2020:
cover (Ryu : for flute, taegŭm, and harp)
Daegeum (The daegeum (also spelled taegum, daegum or taegŭm) is a large bamboo transverse flute used in traditional Korean music.)
(established subject headings: Taegŭm, Taegŭm music, Taegŭm and cello music, etc.)
Library of Congress authorities WWW site, September 25, 2020
chŏ
daegŭm
chŏttae
daegeum
A transverse ductless bamboo flute of Korea.
rainstick
(rainstick is a long, hollow tube partially filled with small pebbles or beans that has small pins or thorns arranged helically on its inside surface)
(rainstick; shaken idiophone; a percussion instrument made from a dried cactus branch that is hollowed out, filled with small pebbles, and capped at both ends. When slightly tilted, it makes the sound of falling rain)
New Oxford American Dictionary, 2015, accessed via Oxford Reference, October 6, 2020
title page verso (wind players double on rainstick)
Work cat: Fujikura, Dai. Secret forest, for ensemble, 2008:
rain stick
jingle bells
caption (for SSA chorus and piano with optional sleigh bells)
Work cat: Mayo, B.S. Jazzy jingle bell waltz, 2018:
(jingle bell, or sleigh bell; a type of bell which produces a distinctive 'jingle' sound, especially in large numbers; refers to "jingle bells" when discussing the musical instrument)
sleigh bells
A cluster of small bells attached to a handle or strap, commonly used in Western classical music to evoke sleigh rides and/or the winter season.
jingles (percussion)
transgender chorus
(the Transcendence Gospel Choir is the first transgender Gospel choir)
label (Transcendence Gospel Choir)
A chorus of voices comprised of singers who identify as transgender or gender-nonconforming.
transgender voice
(in article published July 11, 2019: Transgender opera singers find their voices; Lucia Lucas, a baritone transgender woman)
New York times WWW site, February 16, 2021:
Work cat: Głowicka, Katarzyna. Unknown, I live with you, 2019:
caption (Mashed potato/Love poem : for treble chorus, SSA, and piano)
Work cat: Carey, Paul. Mashed potato/Love poem, 2011:
title page (Rejoice, Emmanuel shall come : a Christmas cantata : for mixed chorus and treble choir with contralto and tenor solos; The treble choir portions of the cantata may be sung by the adult soprano section of the chorus, or by a children's chorus)
Mount, Timothy. Treble voices in choral music; page 26 (women, men, boys, or castrati?; only men and boys were allowed to sing in liturgical choirs throughout Europe before the middle of the 18th century; there were three alternatives to using boys' voices to sing treble parts: castrati, a mysterious Spanish technique of falsetto singing, and male altos) page 29 (in Beethoven's Der glorreiche Augenblick, the chorus is divided into three separate groups of men, women, and children, thus, Beethoven wanted and probably had performing resources for two distinct and different tone colors for his treble voices, a technique later used by Berlioz and other composers)

A chorus comprising soprano and alto voices of unspecified age or gender. For a chorus comprising adult soprano and/or alto voices identified as women's voices use [women's chorus.] For a chorus comprising children's voices, use [children's chorus.]

title page (tenor, baritone, bass choir with organ)
Work cat: Schütz, Heinrich. Himmel und Erde vergehen, 1967:
Articles (Pietiläinen-Caffrey, Riikka. Gender inclusivity : language and the choral rehearsal: Gendered ensemble names in general can be problematic. Many ensembles may have ciswomen singing tenor, or countertenors as part of the alto section. Many ensembles forgo traditional single-sex ensemble names such as “women’s choir” or “men’s chorus” and instead opt for the titles treble choir or bass choir)
North Central Region American Choral Directors Association WWW site, February 18, 2021:
title page (Newsies : choral highlights for tenor bass choir)
via Naxos Music Library, September 2, 2020 (Rice Middle School Tenor Bass Choir)
2018 Texas Music Educators Association Clinic/Convention, 2018:
tenor baritone bass chorus
bass chorus

A chorus comprising adult voices of unspecified gender singing lower ranges (tenor, baritone, and/or bass). For a chorus identified as comprising adult male voices, use [men's chorus.]

puk
(Puk; Korean generic term for ‘drum’, but usually used more specifically to refer to an undecorated shallow double-headed barrel drum used in folk music)
(Buk (drum); also romanized as 'puk'; most often used to refer to a shallow barrel-shaped drum, with a round wooden body that is covered on both ends with animal skin)
program notes (a pair of Korean drums (buk) should accompany the choir)
Work cat: Woo, H. The fishermen's song, 2018:
buk
śruti box
performance notes (in the third movement, the baritone saxophone is replaced by a shruti box)
Work cat: Kolb, B. Three medieval chants, 2018:
(Shruti box; also known as surpeti or sruti box; a bellows instrument similar to a harmonium)
(śruti box; also known as surpeti or drone box; small bellows-pumped Reed organ of India)
shruti box
drone box
surpeti
qarmon
title page (Qārmūn īfāçīlīq ṣanʻatī) page 4 (Qarmon and the art of playing) (OCoLC)1038388940
Work cat.: Taymūrīʹfar, Majīd. Qārmūn īfāçīlīq ṣanʻatī, 2017 or 2018:
label (le garmon de Aydin Aliev) (DLC) 98709268
pages following page 3-5, page [4] of cover (Qarmon - Azerbaijan national instrument, often used for performing national folk music. There are two recognized schools of qarmon performance: for performing Rast Mugam and Mugam. The book provides brief description and the music to the folk dance pieces written by Zakir Mirzayev who is considered and called "Paganini of Qarmon" for qarmon) (DLC)2019463345
Work cat: Zakir Mirzäyevin Qarmon üçün räqslär mäcmuäsi , 2018:
Garmon (Many instruments have additional right-hand buttons with useful accidental notes, additional left-hand chords for playing in related keys, and a row of free-bass buttons, to facilitate playing of bass melodies... Oriental bayan or accordion was invented in 1936 in the Kazan musical factory, it has a right-hand piano keyboard but a little smaller, so in fact it imitates a piano accordion. In 1961 in the Kazan factory it was revised and the left keyboard mirrored the right one, though the left buttons are not rectangular but round like in button accordions. This type is popular in music of Azerbaijan, where it is known as the qarmon and has been popularized in Turkey through the recordings of Nejat Özgür)
Azerbaijan (garmon (accordion or bandoneon))
March, 4 2007 (Garmon is an Azerbaijani traditional instrument; it is very similar to (or even the same as) very old accordions; difference between Azerbaijani garmon and accordion: small difference in size; garmon has 2 1/2 octaves in right, and exactly the same system in the left hand (arranged with round keys that are used to play melodic parts or even (rarely) bass and chords (Like acc.)); tuned half-tone lower than accordion; 5 or 6 sets of reeds for white keys, 3 or 4 set of reeds for black in right hand (left hand has mostly 2, 3 or 4 sets of reeds; mostly played with 4 fingers; griff is smaller than accordion's and does not have a register). http://nardingallery.blogspot.com/2007/03/garmon.html
qārmūn
Azeri chromatic free-reed instrument with piano keyboards on both sides, the left side with round buttons.
gambus
container (Ati-ati Raja (excerpt) : gambus solo, female singer) (OCoLC)38177313
Gambus (long- or short-necked wooden lute, probably of Middle Eastern origin, found in Muslim areas of Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and other parts of Indonesia, and in Malaysia. Its pear-shaped body has a decorated soundhole and tapers to form the neck, ending in a receding pegbox. Handmade gambus vary considerably in shape and size. They usually have four or six pairs of strings and sometimes another single string. The instrument is plucked with a feather quill, horn plectrum or the fingernails)
Grove music online, viewed March 8, 2021:
page 166 (Orkes gambus is the term used for a small music ensemble consisting of a gambus lute (the Indonesian term for the ʻud), which is the centerpiece of the ensemble, several small drums, an electric guitar, electric bass, electric keyboard, and vocals, performed by young men) page 179 (Historically, the gambus instrument had been adopted in many Melayu cultures)
Berg, B. Musical modernity, Islamic identity, and Arab aesthetics in Arab-Indonesian orkes gambus, in Islam and popular culture in Indonesia and Malaysia, 2011, via Google books, viewed March 8, 2021:
"Authentic" Islamic sound? Orkes gambus music, the Arab idiom, and sonic symbols in Indonesian Islamic musical arts (Gambus is the name of a wooden lute found in both Malaysia and Indonesia, but the term is also used generically to describe a small ensemble that incorporates the instrument. Traditional forms of the gambus instrument in Indonesia have 4 to 6 pairs of strings; this varies by region and gambus style. The instrument is often assumed to be of Arab ancestry; however, there is no definitive evidence for this ancestry except for the comparisons with Arab lutes and documents noting the use of the gambus in Arab communities in Southeast Asia... The gambus instrument often used today closely resembles the Egyptian ‘ud, though various forms of the gambus instrument can be found throughout the Indonesian archipelago, making it difficult to declare a single organological history)
Divine inspirations : music and Islam in Indonesia, 2011, via Oxford scholarship online, viewed March 8, 2021:
gambus lute
cobla
Cobla (ii) ("a band, originally made up of flabiol, tamboret, tenora, and tiple and to which a double bass and brass instruments may be added, that accompanies dances such as the Catalan sardana") Spain. II. Traditional and popular music. 5, Organology (the cobla's standard instrumentation, dating from the beginning of the 20th century, consists of flabiol and tambori (flute and small drum), 2 tenores (tenor shawms) and two tiples (treble shawms), two cornets (now replaced by trumpets), a trombone, 2 fisicornos (flugelhorns), and one berra (3-string double bass))
program notes, page 2 (Cobla de Cambra de Catalunya, performer) page 31 (Cobla de Cambra de Catalunya; instrumentation: flabiol doubling tambori, tible I, tible II, tenora I, tenora II, trompeta I, trompeta II, trompa I, trompa II, fiscorn I/trombó I, fiscorn II/trombó II, contrabaix) (DLC)2019370918
Work cat: Ventura, Pep. La música romàntica a Figueres, 2017:
cobla (Catalan instrumental group whose main function is the interpretation of sardanas (sardana); it consists of a set of twelve instruments (11 players): a flabiol and a tambourine (performed by the same person simultaneously), tible (2), tenora (2), trumpet (2), trombone (1), fiscorn (2) double bass (1))
Gran enciclopèdia de la música WWW site, December 15, 2021:
container (works on this...recording are a representative sample of 20th-century Catalan music, all of them including popular cobla band instruments such as the tible and the tenora with their bright, piercing reeds, and the flabiol flute with its high tones)
metallophone
caption (bass metallophone) (DLC)2020561753
vol. 3, p. 446 (generic term for percussion consisting of a set of tuned metal bars arranged usually in a single or double row; in modern compositions the term 'metallophone' is applied to a series of alloy bars suspended over a resonator box; the bars are arranged in a single row or in a keyboard fashion)
The Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2014:
(any musical instrument in which the sound-producing body is a piece of metal (other than a metal string), consisting of tuned metal bars, tubes, rods, bowls, or plates; most frequently the metal body is struck to produce a sound, usually with a mallet, but may also be activated by friction, keyboard action, or other means; in music of the 20th century and beyond, the word metallophone is sometimes applied specifically to a single row of metal bars suspended over a resonator box)
A percussion idiophone consisting of metal bars arranged in a single or double keyboard style suspended over a resonator box.
bass metallophone
caption (bass metallophone)
Work cat: 2020561753: Donnelly, Mary, Sunset, 2018:
electric viola
Electric string instruments; About electric violas ((not as well-known as violins and cellos, their smaller and larger siblings, violas have a rich, haunting tone that can work extremely well in an electric format; they come in three varieties: Acoustic-electric violas (traditional viola equipped with added electronics), solid-body electric viola (models offer onboard electronics with enhanced tonal configurations), and Yamaha silent viola (a body suggested by an outline made from wood, as well as the traditional scroll and pegs. Dual pickups offer a rich, resonant tone))
Johnson String Instruments WWW site, September 21, 2021:
preliminary page (electric string quartet (violin I, II, viola, cello) (4-string Alter Ego models or equivalent))
Work cat: Hayden, Sam. Permutazioni / a caso, 2020:
Electronic instruments; Electroacoustic instruments; String instruments; Bowed strings (Electric violins have been manufactured by Fender, Zeta Music Systems (with four or five strings, also violas), Yamaha and several other companies)
Viola; Electric violas (there are two types of instruments used for electric viola: 1) regular acoustic violas fitted with a piezoelectric pickup and 2) specialized electric violas, which have little or no body; most electric instruments with lower strings are violin-sized, as they use the amp and speaker to create a big sound, so they don't need a large soundbox; some electric violas have little or no soundbox, and thus rely entirely on amplification; fewer electric violas are available relative to electric violins)
Products (Solid-body, Hollow-body, Hollow-body EVO)
(electric viola [64,700 hits]; electronic viola [4,700 hits])
e-viola
electronic viola
An acoustic, solid-bodied, or hollow-bodied viola that is electronically amplified.
string drum
(Lion’s roar: a membranophone instrument that has a drum head and a cord or horsehair passing through it. It gets its name from the sound it produces, which closely resembles a lion's roar. The home-made lion's roar is a drum that sits on the floor. The cord then makes friction with the drum head as it is moved back and forth.
([= for solo lion’s roar (variant form of string drum)]).
Work cat: Hiller, Wilfried. Solo für ein Löwengebrüll, ©2020
(String drum: A membranophone in the form of a friction drum, consisting of a cylindrical or bucket-shaped vessel with one end open and the other closed with a membrane. A length of cord or gut is fastened through a hole in the centre of the membrane; the cord is resined and rubbed with coarse fabric or a glove, producing a passable imitation of a lion's roar.)
Grove music online, viewed November 10, 2021
Löwengebrüll
lion's roar
A membranophone instrument in the form of a friction drum, with a drum head and a cord or horsehair passing through it which makes friction with the drum head as it is moved back and forth producing a sound that resembles a lion's roar.
bian qing
(depicts the Korean instrument pʼyŏnʼgyŏng)
Work cat: Pʼyŏnʼgyŏng, Korean traditional instrument for the royal ancestral ritual, Chongmyo Shrine, Seoul, Korea, May 1979, via University of Washington digital collections, International Collections, Feb. 19, 2021
(bianqing; the bianqing is an ancient Chinese percussion instrument consisting of a set of L-shaped flat stone chimes known as qing, played melodically; the instrument was imported to Vietnam (where it is called biên khánh) and Korea (where it is called pyeongyeong) [McCune-Reischauer: pʼyŏn'gyŏng]; it is still used in Korean court and ritual music)
(under Stone chimes: Stone chimes, musical instrument; Stone chimes, also called lithophone, a set of struck sonorous stones; Stone chimes are mentioned in sources as early as the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 BCE). Chinese stones (qing) are commonly found in an obtuse L shape. They are made of many materials, including marble, nephrite, and jade. Sets of 16 stones (bianqing) were used in Confucian ritual orchestras and survive today in such groups in Korea, where they are called p’yŏn’gyŏng)
Britannica online website, December 15, 2021
(Pʼyŏnʼgyŏng: Korean lithophone consisting of a set of 16 tuned stone chimes; it preserves one type of the Chinese bianqing)
The Grove dictionary of musical instruments, via Oxford reference website, December 15, 2021
bianqing
pyeongyeong
biên khánh
p'yŏn'gyŏng
tiple (double reed instrument)
Catalan shawm (the types of shawm commonly used in Catalonia are the tible (Catalan for "treble") and the tenora (Catalan for "tenor"); the tenora is pitched a fifth lower than the tible; other Catalan folk shawms are the tarota, the original keyless version of the tible, and the gralla, a short, strident instrument with a steep conical bore; both of these resemble shawms from other parts of Spain, such as the dolçaina of Aragon and Valencia, and both employ open fingering)
tiple (The Spanish word for ‘treble’ or ‘soprano’, often applied to specific instruments; (2) The treble shawm of the Catalonian cobla ensemble, with a normal range of d′ to g‴)
shawm (The scores of 18th century Catalan villancicos sometimes contain parts for treble and tenor xirimias (now known simply as the tiple (treble) and tenora (see fig. 10), and modernized with complete key work), the principal melodists in the present day sardana band or cobla. The tiple is in F, a 4th above the oboe, and has an actual compass of d' to g'".
tiple (Tiple (Sp.: treble) [Lat. triplum,threefold], treble chirimia of N. Catalonia, prominent in the cobla (band),pitched in F, a 4th above the oboe, treated as a ‘transposing instr., with a compass d^-g® written a®-d^. Like the tenora, the tiple was modernized in the19th c. and fitted with keywork. Played with a wide double reed recessed in a ‘pirouette; 56 cm. (22 in.) long (80 VI, 89 Baines))
Marcuse, Sibyl. Musical instruments, 1975:
tible (instrument of the double-reed woodwind family, with a lead role, along with the tenora, in the cobla)
tible shawm (conical shawm, roughly 50 cm long, found in the regions of Southern and Northern Catalonia (in Northern Spain and Southern France respectively). The invention of the tible is attributed to the Perpignan based Andreu Toron mid-19th century as he added keys to the traditional tarota, though the exact history of the instrument is still unclear. Modern tibles have two holes in the bell for added resonance. It is ideally suited for outdoor performances due to its loudness and piercing timbre. In cobla orchestras, the tible accompanies and complements its tenor counterpart, the tenora, which a plays a fifth below the tible.)
St. Cecilia's Hall concert room and music museum WWW site, December 15, 2021:
tible
tarota
container (William Parker, tarota, on Horace Silver, Part 2)
Work cat: Parker, William. Meditation, resurrection, 2017:
Catalan shawm (other Catalan folk shawms are the tarota, the original keyless version of the tible, and the gralla, a short, strident instrument with a steep conical bore; both of these resemble shawms from other parts of Spain, such as the dolçaina of Aragon and Valencia, and both employ open fingering)
tarota shawm (the tarota was commonly played in Catalonia before it became obsolete in the second half of the 18th century; the tarota is a shawm historically played in Catalonia, in the tradition of Mediterranean shawms such as the Catalan gralla, the Spanish dulzaina, the Italian piffero, etc. The primitive tarota called tarota seca has no keys though makers have often added them to their instruments; the tarota fell out of favour in the second half of the 18th century as the instrumentation of the cobla orchestras mutated from the cobla de tres quartans (pipe and tabor, treble shawm such as tarota, bagpipe) to the modern cobla (flabiol, tible I and II, tenora I and II, trumpet I and II, tenor valved trombone, fiscorn I and II, string bass). However, it has seen something of a revival in recent decades through a surge in interest for certain Catalan traditions)
tarota (a double reed instrument, with a double reed in the xeremia family; often made of juniper, with open finger holes, plus four or five resonances in the pavilion, originally fashioned in one piece, used in popular music in Catalonia (can be up to 70 cm in length), usually used outside due to its penetrating sound; it has enjoyed a recent revival among musicians and builders in the 20th century after falling into disuse in the 19th century; it gave rise to the tible and tenora)
lupophone
Instrumente; Moderne Instrumente; Oboen; Bassoboe; Lupophon (Bassoboe, Lupophon; neue Bassoboe... für den Tenor- und den vollen Bassbereich bis F)
Guntram Wolf WWW site, December 15, 2021:
container (INFR-A-KTION : for lupophone, contraforte, and six instruments)
Work cat: Schafer, Dominique. Vers une présence réelle, 2018:
lupophone (As Heckel has the sole market for the Heckelphone (and no other manufacturer is allowed to produce them), the modern manufacturers Guntram Wolf and Benedict Eppelsheim have invented their own instrument of a similar design.; the Lupophone (Lupos is Latin for Wolf) is a wide bore bass oboe that descends not to the B of the Bass Oboe or the A of the Heckelphone, but all the way down to an F. This extension is to facilitate the Heckelphone part in Strauss’ Eine Alpensinfonie which descends to a heretofore unreachable F)
contraforte
Contrabassoon (Two developments within the last decade have finally brought the Contra the changes it needed. A group of American designers and performers have taken to the task of fixing the acoustical problems with the octave venting. This in turn led to clearer note production and a range increase of one full octave. A German group, headed by Eppelshiem and Wolf, took a completely different route. They redesigned the whole instrument from the reed to the bell. The result, an instrument they call the “Contraforte” is one of the wonders of the woodwind section. With a four-and a-half octave range it is even possibly to play the highest notes of the Bassoon on here. In addition to increased upper range (and dynamic range, intonation, response, etc.) the instrument now descends to a low A)
Instrumente; Moderne Instrumente; Fagotte; Kontrafagotte; Kontraforte (Kontraforte; nach neuen akustischen Erkenntnissen konzipiertes Kontrafagott)
brake drum
caption (Poem I for five brake drums and narrator)
Steel band (The modern steel band consists of a variety of chromatically tuned instruments made from 55-gallon oil drums and played with rubber-tipped mallets, as well as an ‘engine room’ comprising drum kit, congas, irons (motor vehicle brake drums) and other percussion)
Grove music online, viewed December 15, 2021:
Brake drums, anvils, metal pipes (Brake drums are very loud. Metal pipes are more resonant but not nearly as loud as brake drums. Anvils are not very common; they have a smaller, brighter sound than the brake drums and are far less loud. The composer should expect that anvil parts will be played on brake drums if anvils are not available. These instruments are almost always used without specified pitches, even though brake drums and especially metal pipes will tend to have a single identifiable pitch)
Solomon, S.Z. How to write for percussion, 2002:
irons
song bells
Deagan archive; Glockenspiels (Deagan song bells: song bells, celeste song bells)
container (Songbells, for solo songbells) insert (Songbells is composed for the relatively obscure Deagan keyboard instrument, the range of which falls in between the orchestra bells and the vibraphone)
Deagan catalog R (Deagan Song Bells are a combination of the most desirable features of Orchestra Bells, Steel Marimbas and Celestes and our latest creation in the way of orchestra bells. The register of Deagan song bells is one octave lower than either orchestra bells or Parsifal bells of a corresponding range. Model 100, built between 1918-1924 had a 2.5 octave range, G-C, with steel bars; Model 101, celeste song bells, had a 2.5 octave range, F-C, was built between 1925-1930 and used aluminum bars; Model 102 had a 3 octave range C-C, was built between 1918-1924, and used steel bars) home page (song bells listed under category of bells)
Deagan resource WWW site, October 21, 2021:
(Song bells are a musical instrument in the keyboard percussion family. They are a mallet percussion instrument that is essentially a cross between the vibraphone, glockenspiel, and celesta. They sound one octave down from the glockenspiel, or one octave above written pitch. Song bells have been made by various makers at different times but were first introduced by the J.C. Deagan Company in 1918; other names: Celeste song bells)
celeste songbells
bells, song
celeste song bells
songbells
A multi-octave mallet percussion instrument with metal bars suspended over tube resonators that is similar to, but sounding one octave lower than, the glockenspiel.
nail violin
Art; Art collection; Musical instruments; via search for “nail violin” (The German violinist Johann Wilde invented the nail violin around 1740. The instrument consists of a wooden soundbox (circular or semicircular) and metal nails. Sound is produced by drawing a violin bow across the nails, creating bell-like tones. While it has limited capabilities, the instrument was popular in the eighteenth century and other makers built similar instruments in various forms)
Metropolitan Museum of Art WWW site, December 17, 2021:
(under Streichklavier. III. Gestrichene Tastenidiophone: Nagelgeige; invented 1744 by Johann Wilde, in which metal pegs attached to a wooden resonance box were bowed, and sound could be amplified by resonance strings… An improved version was the trochleon by Johann Christian Dietz (Emmerich 1812). The aliquot string flute by Ph. J. Brambach (Marburg / Lahn 1888) was a keyboard nail violin)
(Nail violin (Fr. violon de fer; Ger. Nagelgeige, Nagelharmonika, Eisenvioline; It. violino di ferro); A friction idiophone (not a violin) consisting of metal, wooden or glass rods (which are in some cases bowed, in others struck) fastened at one end to a sounding-board. It has similar acoustic properties to a stopped organ pipe as opposed to one that is open at one end, having only odd-numbered overtones, and sounding one octave lower than a rod that is fixed or free at both ends. The instrument was invented in 1740 by Johann Wilde. In the 19th century a type in which wooden rods were rubbed with rosined gloves was known as the Stockspiel or Melkharmonica (resembling an inverted milking-stool). In 1791 an oblong keyboard form, the Nagelclavier, was produced by Träger of Bernberg (Saxony); it was played by a treadle-operated band coated with rosin. Bowed steels rods were also the basis of Franz Schuster's six-octave Adiaphonon (1818-19))
Rust, Friedrich Wilhelm. Werke für Klavier und Streichinstrumente, 1939: page 18 (Quartett für Nagelgeige, zwei Violinen und Violoncello) page 95 (autograph: Quartetto a violino di ferro, violino primo, violino secondo, e basso / di F. W. Rust)
(Class I, Idiophonic instruments or idiophones. Division I, Instruments controlled directly: nail violin; discovery of the principle of the nail violin was made by accident in 1744)
Bessaraboff, N. Ancient European musical instruments, 1941:
violino di ferro
Nagelgeige
A friction idiophone consisting of metal, wooden or glass rods fastened at one end to a sounding-board.
gaĭda
Bulgaria--Traditional music--2. Characteristics of pre-socialist musical culture, 1800-1944--(iii) Instruments (gayda; one of four aerophones found throughout Bulgaria; made up of a single chanter (gaydunitsa) and a single drone pipe (ruchilo); was the "favourite instrument for accompanying weddings and outdoor celebrations"; found in 3 sizes in Bulgaria)
Koprivshtitza '71, 1972 (album includes two performances on the гайда (romanized: gaĭda) = bagpipe) 95700428
Macedonia--II. Traditional music--4. Instruments (gajda; traditional folk instrument, but not further described; also used in Radio Skopje's folk instrument orchestra)
Greece--VI. Traditional music--1. Pan-regional principles--(iv) Instruments (gaida; one of two types of Greek bagpipes; has a single drone pipe and a single chanter with a single reed; found in mainland Greece)
Albania--Rural music (The southern bagpipe or gajde, found only along the eastern border, has a wooden chanter and drone pipe, each with a single reed)
gajde
gayda
gajda
Use for the Southeastern European bagpipe, usually a single reed instrument with a single drone and a single chanter.
(Taonga puoro; Whakamārama: Ngā taonga whakatangitangi tawhito a te Māori = Scope note: Include here musical compositions and recordings incorporating the use of Māori instruments; English used for: Instruments, Māori musical; Musical instruments (Māori))
National Library of New Zealand. Ngā Upoko Tukutuku = Māori subject headings, viewed July 18, 2022
t.p. (for female choir and taonga pūoro) p. 1 (Taonga pūoro may be used ad lib throughout as desired, purerehua as well as others) OCoLC(1277186308)
Work cat: Bodkin-Allen, Sally. Ngā mokopuna, 2021:
t.p. (taonga puoro) p. 2 (Koauau puia; putorino (pita))
Harris, Ross. Requiem for the fallen, 2014:
Māori musical instruments - taonga puoro (Taonga puoro (traditional Māori musical instruments) are seen as children of the families of the gods who brought them into being. ‘Rangi’ is the word for tunes, and the name of the primal Sky Father to whom music drifts up - so melodic instruments are from the world of Rangi. The heartbeats of Papatūānuku, the Earth Mother, are the basis of musical rhythms. Instruments are used for both spiritual and physical purposes - for instance, a kōauau (flute) can be used to summon spirits for healing, or to make people laugh. Taonga puoro are given personal names, and are made so that each is individual and has its own voice. They are grouped in whānau (extended families), and are seen as gifts from the gods)
Te Ara The encyclopedia of New Zealand WWW site, viewed on May 19, 2022:
Grove music online, July 18, 2022; Harvard dictionary of music, 2003
(Taonga pūoro; Taonga pūoro are the traditional musical instruments of the Māori people of New Zealand; the instruments previously fulfilled many functions within Māori society including a call to arms, dawning of the new day, communications with the gods and the planting of crops. They are significant in sacred ritual and also fulfill a story-telling role. Many of the sounds of the instruments and tunes are imitations of the sounds of nature, including the wind, the seas and the natural world of birds and insects; Taonga pūoro and their uses and classifications are intimately connected with Māori culture and religious practice. The instruments are all part of the families of the gods, and their classifications are directly related to the gods and the creation story where "The Gods sang the Universe into Existence”; today, taonga pūoro are used more frequently at Māori ceremonies and by New Zealand composers; taonga pūoro are currently used for their traditional purposes, but also in many genres of music from classical, orchestral, chamber music, through to pop, alternative and in film music)
t.p. (for solo violin, solo cello, 7-part cello ensemble, taonga puoro [kōauau, pahū], mbira, and percussion)
Ritchie, Anthony. Kia kaha tamariki, 2019:

One or more unspecified musical instruments of the Māori people of New Zealand that are often included as part of a larger ensemble and cannot be described by a more specific term.

cover (Split rudder : for bass clarinet and electronics) title page (performance tools: three small jingles)
(Jingles (Fr. grelots; Ger. Schellen; It. sonagli; name given to a cluster of small bells; jingles (with isolated exceptions) are indefinite in pitch, since the unit is made up of elements of varying size and sound; in ancient times small bells and tinkling pieces of metal were often employed for apotropaic purposes or as ornaments)
Grove dictionary of musical instruments, 2 ed., via Oxford music online, September 8, 2022
(Jingles; the name given to a cluster of small bells, such as sleigh bells (see Bell), arranged either on a strap or a loop of wire, or on a wooden handle (in the Hornbostel and Sachs system they are classified as shaken idiophones); in Sumer, Babylonia, Assyria and Egypt they were commonly suspended from the trappings of horses, mules and camels; strings of metal pellet bells (ghaṇṭī) are worn on the ankles, etc. by South Asian traditional and classical dancers; in the Western orchestra, jingles are used imitatively; to punctuate rhythmic sequences; and as tone-colour; should not be confused with finger cymbals or with the metal discs on a tambourine, which are also termed ‘jingles’)
container (Konstantinos Karathanasis. Hekate) (OCoLC)1245502591
(Jingle (percussion); in percussion, a jingle is one of a cluster of small bells, shaken or tapped on the palm of the player's hand. In the Hornbostel-Sachs instrument-classification system, they are described as "shaken idiophones.")
(ankle bells)
Duke University musical instrument collections, viewed online August 2, 2022
Konstantinos Karathanasis (Hekate; for Bendir, a special type of frame drum with snares, finger cymbal, and ankle bells)
ankle bells
An unspecified or undetermined cluster of bells or other objects of indefinite pitch which are held, worn, or suspended, then shaken for rhythmic effect. For a pitched or unpitched directly struck percussion idiophone shaped as a cup or hollow sphere see [bell.]
duoclave
A sound investment - A Pleyel Grand Piano (Pleyel duo-clave - Pleyel's unique model of piano with a keyboard at both ends of a shared cabinet with two full acoustic mechanisms contained within a single instrument)
Grand passion pianos WWW site, October 20, 2022:
Collection; Pleyel Duoclave (Two grand pianos in one, the rare and unorthodox duoclave was designed so two pianists could play simultaneously. It was built by the prestigious Parisian manufacturer Pleyel et Cie (Chopin was a fan of its work), but only a handful of the instruments were produced between the 1890s and 1920) Operation/Function (This particular piano may be played independently on either side, however it is possible for two individuals to perform with this instrument, one on either side controlling the corresponding keyboard. A stop located underneath one of the keyboards couple the pedal mechanism for both sides, allowing one player to control both sets of dampers) Users/Performers (Although there is little documented usage of Duoclave pianos in particular, Pleyel et Cie stood among the eminent manufacturers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with many notable performers favouring their soft touch over the French competitor, Érard. Among the most well known users of Pleyel pianos was the fame Polish-French composer and pianist, Frédéric Chopin)
National Music Centre, Studio Bell WWW site, October 20, 2022:
Pleyel (ii) (the 'Duoclave' (in 1895), which consisted of two grand pianos built into a single case)
insert (a curious instrument, a Pleyel Double Grand piano; this instrument was made in 1904 in the Pleyel piano factory in Paris; we have dedicated the first piece of the Double Grand Piano series of recordings to the works of composers who were friends of the Pleyel family)
Work cat.: Pleyel and contemporaries, 2000:
double grand piano
A piano with a keyboard at both ends of a shared cabinet with two fully independent acoustic mechanisms contained within a single instrument.
kuvyt͡si
Email from J. Nighan, June 1, 2023 (“kugiklakh” is the plural prepositional case of the Russian term “kugikly.” The work cataloged was a Russian-language work. The common name for the instrument is the Ukrainian-language “kuvyt͡si”)
contents (Naigryshi na kugiklakh)
Work cat: Russkie narodnye naigryshi, 1985:
(Kuvytsi; the kuvyt͡si (Ukrainian: Кувиці = kuvitsī), kugikly, kuvikly (Russian: Кугиклы = kugikly, Кувиклы = kuvikly) are the Ukrainian and Russian variant of pan pipes; various versions of the kuvytsi exist in Ukraine)
(Panpipes; Central Europe and Asia. In Russia, the kuviklï (kugiklï) is a woman’s instrument, played in the south-western oblasts. These panpipes, consisting of two to five stopped reed pipes, may be used for playing dance music, or as accompanying instruments in an ensemble that includes singers.)
Grove Music Online, viewed September 6, 2021:
p. 41 (Kuvyt͡si; known in Russia as t͡sevnit͡si͡a)
Humeni͡uk, A. I. Ukraïnsʹki narodni muzychni instrumenty, 1967:
kugiklï
t͡sevnit͡si͡a
kugikly
kuviklï
kuvikly
Russian or Ukrainian panpipes with two to five stopped reed pipes.
dāira
container ([romanized] doĭra; instrument played on an album of Tajik folk and "professional" music) (DLC)2018571801
Work cat: Orzui mutrib : oḣangḣoi Tojikī = tadzhiskie melodii, 1990
Dāira (Dāira (dairea, daire, daireh, dahira, dajre, dara, dayre, doira): round single-headed frame drum found in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, the Central Asian republics, the Caucasus, south-eastern Europe, and parts of India. The term, derived from Arabic (da'ira = "circle") has many variant spellings and transliterations. In many areas there is some overlap with the term Daff. The dāira consists of a hoop of wood, 5 to 8 cm deep, with a diameter of 20 to 50 cm, over which is stretched and glued a thin membrane of skin (commonly goatskin). Metal jingles are usually attached)
Grove music online, viewed December 28, 2022:
dara
daire
dajre
dayre
daireh
doira
dairea
dahira
A round single-headed frame drum usually with attached metal jingles from southeastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of India.